Women’s Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present
Virginia Woolf
-
Standard Name: Woolf, Virginia
Birth Name: Adeline Virginia Stephen
Nickname: Ginia
Married Name: Adeline Virginia Woolf
Thousands of readers over three or four generations have known that Virginia Woolf was—by a beadle—denied access to the library of a great university. They may have known, too, that she was a leading intellect of the twentieth century. If they are feminist readers they will know that she thought . . . back through her mothers and also sideways through her sisters and that she contributed more than any other in the twentieth century to the recovery of women's writing.
Marcus, Jane. “Introduction”. New Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf, edited by Jane Marcus, Macmillan, 1981, p. i - xx.
xiv
Educated in her father's library and in a far more than usually demanding school of life, she radically altered the course not only of the English tradition but also of the several traditions of literature in English.
Froula, Christine. Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Avant-Garde. Columbia University Press, 2005.
2
She wrote prodigiously—nine published novels, as well as stories, essays (including two crucial books on feminism, its relation to education and to war), diaries, letters, biographies (both serious and burlesque), and criticism. As a literary journalist in a wide range of forums, she addressed the major social issues of her time in more than a million words.
Woolf, Virginia. “Introduction; Editorial Note”. The Essays of Virginia Woolf, edited by Andrew McNeillie, Hogarth Press, 1986–1994, pp. vols. 1 - 4: various pages.
ix
She left a richly documented life in words, inventing a modern fiction, theorising modernity, writing the woman into the picture. She built this outstandingly influential work, which has had its impact on both writing and life, on her personal experience, and her fictions emerge to a striking degree from her life, her gender, and her moment in history. In a sketch of her career written to Ethel Smyth
she said that a short story called An Unwritten Novelwas the great discovery . . . . That—again in one second—showed me how I could embody all my deposit of experience in a shape that fitted it.
Woolf, Virginia. The Letters of Virginia Woolf. Editors Nicolson, Nigel and Joanne Trautmann, Hogarth Press, 1975–1980, 6 vols.
The Hogarth Press
published Ling Shuhua
's memoir Ancient Melodies, with an introduction by Vita Sackville-West
. Ling Shuhua dedicated the book to Virginia Woolf
and Sackville-West, with whom she conferred at different stages...
Education
Ann Quin
Yet at this time books discovered in the public library taught her the possibilities in writing: Greek and Elizabethan dramatists. Dostoievsky (Crime and Punishment and Virginia Woolf
's The Waves . ....
Education
Toni Morrison
Chloe Wofford (later TM
) followed her BA with an MA in English Literature from Cornell University
, with a thesis on suicide in Virginia Woolf
and William Faulkner
.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Innes, Lyn. “Toni Morrison Obituary”. theguardian.com, 6 Aug. 2019.
Education
Olivia Manning
At home Olivia was encouraged to love poetry, learned to read by the time she was four, and was later subjected to piano lessons which taught her nothing. As a teenager and thinking of herself...
Education
Maggie Gee
This ran to 140,000 words. Looking back, she wrote, I felt like a camel, awkwardly humping a huge top-heavy burden of words across the desert. At every step, something more truthful, wilder, simpler or more...
Education
Mary Kingsley
She was always insecure about her lack of formal education. In Three GuineasVirginia Woolf
uses MK
's situation as an example to illustrate her thesis that the daughters of educated men received an unpaid-for...
Education
Fay Weldon
Fay attended another progressive establishment, the co-educational Burgess Hill School
, which she found absurd, not only noisy and disorderly but actively anti-academic. The best thing about it was being taught English briefly by the...
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Education
Dorothy Brett
Brett proved an exceptional Slade student. She received first prize for figure painting in her final year. She particularly drew the attention of two of her instructors, Henry Tonks
andFrederick Brown
. She was...
Education
Flannery O'Connor
In summer 1945 Mary Flannery O'Connor graduated from Georgia College (describing it in the yearbook as [t]he usual bunk).
Gooch, Brad. Flannery. Little, Brown and Co., 2009.
116
She applied to two universities, and the University of Iowa
offered her a scholarship...
Education
Rumer Godden
RG
's determination to become a writer fuelled a continued self-education. Books were hard to come by in India, yet she managed to find and devour recent publications: Edith Sitwell
's Troy Park and Façade...
Education
Margaret Forster
As a very small child MF
was noisy and demanding and given to tantrums.
Forster, Margaret. Hidden Lives. Viking, 1995.
121-2
At two she talked in long sentences . . . and never stopped asking questions and wanting to try to...
Education
Helen Dunmore
While HD
was growing up she read a lot of Russian fiction and poetry.
qtd. in
McCrum, Robert. “The Siege is a novel for now”. The Observer, 10 June 2001.
McCrum, Robert. “The Siege is a novel for now”. The Observer, 10 June 2001.
The books that she read, she says, made me, as a person...
Education
Eleanor Rathbone
She then, in 1892, began to study Greek under Janet Case
, later Virginia Woolf
's tutor and friend. Another point of similarity between the two authors' early educations can be seen in Rathbone's comment...
Education
Doris Lessing
Before attending school and after she left, Doris educated herself by reading. Her parents possessed copies of the classics, like Scott
, Dickens
, and Kipling
. She read widely in the nineteenth century—her favourites...
Timeline
1904: Madame C. de Broutelles founded the Prix...
Writing climate item
1904
Madame C. de Broutelles
founded the Prix Femina Vie Heureuse, a prestigious French literary prize awarded by a jury of twelve women. A. Mary F. Robinson
(an English writer living in France) was a co-founder.
Oliver, Reggie. Out of the Woodshed: A Portrait of Stella Gibbons. Bloomsbury, 1998.
129
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
1907: Edmund Gosse anonymously published Father...
Writing climate item
1907
Edmund Gosse
anonymously published Father and Son, an autobiography of his early years which presents his father, the scientist Philip Gosse
, as an oppressive, small-minded bigot.
Birch, Dinah. “Fond Father”. London Review of Books, 19 Sept. 2002, pp. 3-5.
3
Birch, Dinah. “Fond Father”. London Review of Books, 19 Sept. 2002, pp. 3-5.
3-5
1 November 1907: The British Museum's reading room reopened...
Building item
1 November 1907
The British Museum
's reading room reopened after being cleaned and redecorated; the dome was embellished with the names of canonical male writers, beginning with Chaucer
and ending with Browning
.
Harris, Philip Rowland. A History of the British Museum Library 1753-1973. The British Library Board, 1998.
432-3
Woolf, Virginia, and Hermione Lee. A Room of One’s Own; and, Three Guineas. Chatto and Windus; Hogarth Press, 1984.
25
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room; and, The Waves. Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1959.
106
6 May 1910: King Edward VII died, and George V assumed...
National or international item
6 May 1910
King Edward VII
died, and George V
assumed the throne; Virginia Woolf
dated a section of The Years from the old king's death.
Woolf, Virginia. The Years. Hogarth Press, 1979.
172, 184, 205
6 November 1910: Roger Fry organised the Manet and Post-Impressionists...
Gaffin, Jean et al. “Women and Cooperation”. Women in the Labour Movement: The British Experience, edited by Lucy Middleton, Croom Helm, 1977, pp. 113-42.
121
Woolf, Virginia et al. “Introductory Letter”. Life as We Have Known It, by Co-operative Working Women, edited by Margaret Llewelyn Davies, Reprint ed., Virago, 1977, p. xvii - xxxxi.
xx-xxi
Woolf, Virginia et al. “Introductory Letter”. Life as We Have Known It, by Co-operative Working Women, edited by Margaret Llewelyn Davies, Reprint ed., Virago, 1977, p. xvii - xxxxi.
xviii
After 18 February 1914: Leonard Woolf published his second novel,...
Writing climate item
After 18 February 1914
Leonard Woolf
published his second novel, The Wise Virgins (which he had begun to write on his honeymoon). Quite different in genre from his first, it is a roman à clef reputedly presenting harsh caricatures...
28 April-1 May 1915: At the International Women's Peace Congress...
National or international item
28 April-1 May 1915
At the International Women's Peace Congress in The Hague, thirteen hundred women delegates from twelve countries founded the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace
; it became the Women's International League for Peace...
From early summer 1915: Garsington Manor, near Oxford, the home of...
Building item
From early summer 1915
Garsington Manor, near Oxford, the home of Lady Ottoline
and Philip Morrell
, became a centre for many pacifists, conscientious objectors, and non-pacifist critics of the war.
Berkman, Joyce Avrech. Pacifism in England, 1914-1939. Yale University, 1967, http://U of A HSS.
23
Seymour, Miranda. Ottoline Morrell: Life on the Grand Scale. Farrar Straus Giroux, 1992.
223-4
1 January 1916: The British edition of Vogue (an American...
Building item
1 January 1916
The British edition of Vogue (an American fashion magazine) began publishing from Condé Nast
in Hanover Square, London.
White, Cynthia L. Women’s Magazines 1693-1968. Michael Joseph, 1970.
90
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.
Spawls, Alice. “Does one flare or cling?”. London Review of Books, Vol.
38
, No. 9, 5 May 2016, pp. 40-2.
1917: Scientist and travel-writer Norman Douglas...
Writing climate item
1917
Scientist and travel-writer Norman Douglas
published his most famous book, the novel South Wind, whose ironic questioning of conventional morality appealed to a war-weary public, bringing it great success.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.
11 November 1918: At 11 a.m. (the eleventh hour of the eleventh...
National or international item
11 November 1918
At 11 a.m. (the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month), the Armistice, signed at Compiègne, went into effect, officially ending World War I.
Palmer, Alan, and Veronica Palmer. The Chronology of British History. Century, 1992.
356
Woolf, Virginia. The Years. Hogarth Press, 1979.
325, 328
14 May 1920: Time and Tide began publication, offering...
Building item
14 May 1920
Time and Tide began publication, offering a feminist approach to literature, politics, and the arts: Naomi Mitchison
called it the first avowedly feminist literary journal with any class, in some ways ahead of its time...
1924: Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth...
Solo: Search Oxford University Libraries Online. 18 July 2011, http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=OXVU1&fromLogin=true&reset_config=true.
Texts
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room; and, The Waves. Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1959.
Woolf, Virginia, and Vanessa Bell. Kew Gardens. Hogarth Press, 1919.
Woolf, Virginia. “Lady Ritchie”. Times Literary Supplement, No. 894, p. 123.
Woolf, Virginia, and Anna Davin. Life as We Have Known It, by Co-operative Working Women. Editor Davies, Margaret Llewelyn, Reprint ed., Virago, 1977.
Woolf, Virginia. “Mary Wollstonecraft”. Nation and Athenaeum, Vol.
46
, pp. 13-15.
Woolf, Virginia. Moments of Being. Editor Schulkind, Jeanne, Chatto and Windus for Sussex University Press, 1976.
Woolf, Virginia, and Vanessa Bell. Monday or Tuesday. Hogarth Press, 1921.
Woolf, Virginia. “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown”. Literary Review of the New York Evening Post.