Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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John Stuart Mill: By 26 February 1859

Writing climate item
Author event in John Stuart Mill

By 26 February 1859

JSM published his essay On Liberty, which he described as a joint production
Mill, John Stuart, and John Jacob Coss. Autobiography. Columbia University Press, 1924.
176
with his deceased wife Harriet Taylor Mill .
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1635 (1859): 281-2

Elizabeth Ham: 1 March 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Ham

1 March 1859

Elizabeth Ham died at the house of her latest employer, Wick House at Brislington just south-east of Bristol, of heart disease.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Anne Manning: By March 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Anne Manning

By March 1859

AM 's father, William Oke Manning , died at Reigate in Surrey.
The Trustees of FreeBMD. FreeBMD. http://www.freebmd.org.uk/.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Georgiana Craik: By 12 March 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Georgiana Craik

By 12 March 1859

GC published Lost and Won, the novel for which she is best remembered.
Kirk, John Foster, and S. Austin Allibone, editors. A Supplement to Allibone’s Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors. J. B. Lippincott, 1891, 2 vols.
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
Chisholm, Hugh, editor. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Eleventh, Cambridge University Press, 1911.

George Eliot: 15 March 1859

Women writers item
Author event in George Eliot

15 March 1859

Chrissey , elder sister of Marian Lewes (or GE ), died of consumption, aged forty-five; since Isaac Evans had embargoed correspondence, Marian had not known until the previous month that her sister was ill.
Ashton, Rosemary. George Eliot: A Life. Hamish Hamilton, 1996.
184
Haight, Gordon S. George Eliot: A Biography. Oxford University Press, 1968.
277

Hesba Stretton: 19 March 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Hesba Stretton

19 March 1859

HS 's first publication (under her birth name of Sarah Smith) was the short story The Lucky Leg in Charles Dickens 's Household Words.
It has been generally said that HS 's sister Elizabeth

Hannah Lynch: 25 March 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Hannah Lynch

25 March 1859

HL was born in Dublin, among the elder children of a large family of girls.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

A. E. Housman: 26 March 1859

Writing climate item
Author event in A. E. Housman

26 March 1859

AEH , poet and classical scholar, was born in Fockbury, near Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, the eldest of seven children.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Caroline Leakey: 30 March 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Leakey

30 March 1859

CL published her novel The Broad Arrow, Being Passages from the History of Maida Gwynnham, a Lifer, a ground-breaking critique of the Australian penal system, under the pseudonym Oliné Keese.
Leakey, Caroline. “Broad Arrow, 1859”. University of Sydney Library: Australian Studies Resources: Australian Literary and Historical Texts.
prelims

31 March 1859: Edward FitzGerald published, privately and...

Writing climate item

31 March 1859

Edward FitzGerald published, privately and anonymously in a limited edition on his fiftieth birthday, his free translation in couplet stanzas of The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám.
Martin, Robert Bernard. With Friends Possessed: A Life of Edward Fitzgerald. Atheneum, 1985.
210, 218-20
Borne Back Daily. 2001, http://borneback.com/ .
31 March 2008
Borne Back Daily. 2001, http://borneback.com/ .
31 March 2009

Ouida: April 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Ouida

April 1859

Ouida 's first published work, Dashwood's Drag; or, The Derby and What Came of It, a story of the fast set of fashionable young people who delight to shock, appeared in Bentley's Miscellany.
Houghton, Walter E., and Jean Harris Slingerland, editors. The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824-1900. University of Toronto Press, 1966–1989, 5 vols.
4: 90
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Nadel, Ira Bruce, and William E. Fredeman, editors. Dictionary of Literary Biography 18. Gale Research, 1983.
18: 242

Harriet Martineau: April 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Harriet Martineau

April 1859

HM published, adopting an anonymous masculine voice, a treatise on women and work called Female Industry as the lead piece in the Edinburgh Review.
Houghton, Walter E., and Jean Harris Slingerland, editors. The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824-1900. University of Toronto Press, 1966–1989, 5 vols.
1: 508
Martineau, Harriet. “Female Industry”. Edinburgh Review, Vol.
109
, No. 222, Apr. 1859, pp. 293-36.
title-page

April 1859: France and Piedmont went to war against ...

National or international item

April 1859

France and Piedmont went to war against Austria.
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
230, 274

Early 1859: The Obstetrical Society of London was fo...

Building item

Early 1859

The Obstetrical Society of London was founded.
Moscucci, Ornella. The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-1929. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
66-7
Donnison, Jean. Midwives and Medical Men: A History of Inter-Professional Rivalries and Women’s Rights. Schocken Books, 1977.
57

Emma Jane Worboise: By 9 April 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Emma Jane Worboise

By 9 April 1859

EJW published a biography of the Broad-Church advocate and hero Thomas Arnold .
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1641 (1859): 484

Mary Carpenter: By 16 April 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Carpenter

By 16 April 1859

MC established an industrial school of her own in Park Row, Bristol, only a few minutes away from Red Lodge. She wrote of it in a journal entry for this day.
Carpenter, J. Estlin. The Life and Work of Mary Carpenter. 2nd ed., MacMillan and Co., 1881.
203

Sydney Owenson, Lady Morgan: Perhaps 16 April 1859

Women writers item

Perhaps 16 April 1859

Sydney Morgan died in London, with a pen more or less in her hand,
Campbell, Mary, 1917 - 2002. Lady Morgan: The Life and Times of Sydney Owenson. Pandora, 1988.
239
after suffering a chill.
Todd and the ODNB give the date as 13 April, and Shattock as 14 April....

16 April 1859: French historian and sociologist Alexis de...

Writing climate item

16 April 1859

French historian and sociologist Alexis de Tocqueville died of tuberculosis.
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.

Christina Rossetti: 27 April 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Christina Rossetti

27 April 1859

CR completed her most celebrated poem, Goblin Market; in manuscript it was dedicated to her sister , referring to her by her initials.
Rossetti, Christina. The Complete Poems of Christina Rossetti. Editor Crump, Rebecca W., Louisiana State University Press, 1979–1990, 3 vols.
1: 234

Isabella Bird: Summer 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Isabella Bird

Summer 1859

IB explored the topic of religious revivals in The Aspects of Religion in the United States of America, published as by the author of The Englishwoman in America.
Stoddart, Anna M. The Life of Isabella Bird (Mrs. Bishop). John Murray, 1906.
47
Allibone, S. Austin, editor. A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors Living and Deceased. Gale Research, 1965.
152
Brothers, Barbara, and Julia Gergits, editors. Dictionary of Literary Biography 166. Gale Research, 1996.
166: 29

Anna Leonowens: Around May 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Anna Leonowens

Around May 1859

AL 's husband, Thomas Lean Owens , died at Penang, Malaysia, leaving her with their two small children.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Dow, Leslie Smith. Anna Leonowens: A Life Beyond The King and I. Pottersfield, 1991.
5

Anna Leonowens: 1859- early 1862

Women writers item
Author event in Anna Leonowens

1859- early 1862

AL supported herself and her children by running a small school in Singapore.
Dow argues that it is unlikely AL opened the school and more likely she worked as an assistant schoolmistress at a British garrison.
Dow, Leslie Smith. Anna Leonowens: A Life Beyond The King and I. Pottersfield, 1991.
5
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.

May 1859: Elizabeth Blackwell toured England, lecturing...

Building item

May 1859

Elizabeth Blackwell toured England, lecturing on the topic of medical reform in Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool.
Blake, Catriona, and Wendy Savage. The Charge of the Parasols: Women’s Entry to the Medical Profession. Women’s Press, 1990.
44

: Papers announcing geologists' new evolutionary...

National or international item

Spring 1859

Papers announcing geologists' new evolutionary arguments for human antiquity appeared, scant months before Darwin 's Origin of Species was published.
Van Riper, A. Bowdoin. Men Among the Mammoths: Victorian Science and the Discovery of Human Prehistory. University of Chicago Press, 1993.
182

Kate Marsden: 13 May 1859

Women writers item
Author event in Kate Marsden

13 May 1859

KM was born in what was then the village of Edmonton, near London.
Baigent, Elizabeth. “Kate Marsden: 1859–1931”. Geographers Biobibliographical Studies, edited by Hayden Lorimer and Charles W. J. Withers, Continuum, 2008, pp. 63-92.
63