Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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Jessie White Mario: October 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Jessie White Mario

October 1854

While studying at the Sorbonne , Jessie White (later JWM ) travelled with friends to Italy, where she met Garibaldi .
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Daniels, Elizabeth Adams. Jessie White Mario: Risorgimento Revolutionary. Ohio University Press, 1972.
8

October 1854: Herbert Vaughan was ordained into the Roman...

National or international item

October 1854

Herbert Vaughan was ordained into the Roman Catholic faith.
Norman, Edward R. The English Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century. Clarendon, 1984.
356
Mitchell, Sally, editor. Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland Press, 1988.
833

October 1854: The Working Men's College, Great Ormond Street,...

Building item

October 1854

The Working Men's College , Great Ormond Street, London, was founded by the Rev. Frederick D. Maurice .
Baldick, Chris. The Social Mission of English Criticism. Clarendon, 1983.
63
Haydn, Joseph. Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information. Editor Vincent, Benjamin, 23rd ed., Ward, Lock, 1904.
1395

October 1854: Coventry Patmore anonymously published The...

Writing climate item

October 1854

Coventry Patmore anonymously published The Betrothal, the first part of his poetic celebration of courtship, marriage, and conservative gender roles, The Angel in the House.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1410 (4 November 1854): 1335
Weinig, Mary Anthony. Coventry Patmore. Twayne, 1981.
11
Gosse, Edmund. Coventry Patmore. Scholarly Press, 1970.
65
Anstruther, Ian. Coventry Patmore’s Angel: A Study of Coventry Patmore, His Wife Emily, and The Angel in the House. Haggerston Press, 1992.
7, 77

Emma Marshall: 5 October 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Emma Marshall

5 October 1854

Emma Martin married Hugh Graham Marshall , then a clerk in a bank but later a fully-fledged banker, whose father was the clergyman who had recently baptised her and mother and sister into the Church of England

7 October 1854: The Patriotic Fund was set up by the Crown...

National or international item

7 October 1854

The Patriotic Fund was set up by the Crown to provide relief to the wives or widows and children of British soldiers who fought for their country during the Crimean War.
“The Times Digital Archive 1785-2007”. Thompson Gale: The Times Digital Archive.
21872 (14 October 1854): 5

Mary Carpenter: 10 October 1854

Building item
Author event in Mary Carpenter

10 October 1854

MC opened Britain's first reformatory school for girls, known as Red Lodge, in Park Row, Bristol.
Carpenter, J. Estlin. The Life and Work of Mary Carpenter. 2nd ed., MacMillan and Co., 1881.
164-5

12 October 1854: W. H. Russell began reporting in The Times...

National or international item

12 October 1854

W. H. Russell began reporting in The Times on army medical service in the Crimean War, specifically on the confusion, mismanagement, and maladministration which he saw at the scene of action.
Cohen, Emmeline W. The Growth of the British Civil Service 1780-1939. Archon Books, 1965, http://U of G.
110
Cohen, Emmeline W. The Growth of the British Civil Service 1780-1939. Archon Books, 1965, http://U of G.
110
Palmer, Alan, and Veronica Palmer. The Chronology of British History. Century, 1992.
274

By 12 October 1854: The Times newspaper set up a Crimean War...

National or international item

By 12 October 1854

The Times newspaper set up a Crimean War Fund (one of several such charitable funds) in an effort to provide British soldiers with necessities such as food, warm clothes, and fresh bandages which army sources...

Elizabeth Gaskell: Early October 1954

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Gaskell

Early October 1954

While staying at Lea Hurst near Matlock in Derbyshire, EG met Florence Nightingale (who was shortly to leave for the Crimea) for the first time.
Uglow, Jennifer S. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber, 1993.
361-2

George Sand: By mid-October 1854

Writing climate item
Author event in George Sand

By mid-October 1854

GS 's tremendously successful autobiography, Histoire de ma vie, published this year in France, began to appear in English translation; further volumes followed.
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
Bibliothèque Nationale de France. http://www.bnf.fr/.

Oscar Wilde: 16 October 1854

Writing climate item
Author event in Oscar Wilde

16 October 1854

OW was born in Dublin, the middle child of the Irish poet Jane Francesca Wilde (Speranza).
Ellmann, Richard. Oscar Wilde. Knopf, 1988.
16

17 October 1854: This was the day, according to Frances Isabella...

National or international item

17 October 1854

This was the day, according to Frances Isabella Duberly , that after weeks of preparation culminating in continuous firing, the siege of Sebastopol (in the Crimean war) began in earnest.
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
207, 209
Kinder, Hermann, and Werner Hilgemann. The Anchor Atlas of World History. Translator Menze, Ernest A., Vol.
2
, Anchor, 1978.
69
Duberly, Frances Isabella. Mrs Duberly’s War. Journals and Letters from the Crimea, 1854-6. Editor Kelly, Christine, Oxford University Press, 2007.
85, 88

Anna Leonowens: Between 25 October 1854 and 25 October 1855

Women writers item
Author event in Anna Leonowens

Between 25 October 1854 and 25 October 1855

During this period, AL gave birth to the two children who survived infancy: her daughter, Avis Annie Connybeare , followed by a son, Louis Thomas Gunnis .
Avis's birth date is also given as 1853....

Florence Nightingale : 27 October 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Florence Nightingale

27 October 1854

About this date (sources disagree on the precise day) FN and thirty-eight nurses set sail for the Crimea to work with the soldiers there.
Poovey, Mary. Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England. University of Chicago Press, 1988.
166-7

Elizabeth Rigby: 30 October 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Rigby

30 October 1854

ER 's husband, Sir Charles Eastlake , accepted the post of Director of the National Gallery, at the urging of the Prime Minister and Prince Albert .
Lochhead, Marion C. Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake. John Murray, 1961.
103
Rigby, Elizabeth. Journals and Correspondence of Lady Eastlake. Editor Smith, Charles Eastlake, AMS Press, 1975, 2 vols.
2: 32-3

November 1854: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia accepted the Four...

National or international item

November 1854

Tsar Nicholas I of Russia accepted the Four Points proposed by Austria in the Crimean War.
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
207, 208

George Eliot: 3 November 1854

Women writers item
Author event in George Eliot

3 November 1854

George Henry Lewes and Marian Lewes moved on from Weimar to Berlin, where they stayed until March 1855.
Ashton, Rosemary. George Eliot: A Life. Hamish Hamilton, 1996.
128
Haight, Gordon S. George Eliot: A Biography. Oxford University Press, 1968.
169-74

3 November 1854: University College, Ireland's first Catholic...

National or international item

3 November 1854

University College , Ireland's first Catholic university, was officially opened at 86 St Stephen's Green, Dublin.
Coolahan, John. Irish Education: Its History and Structure. Institute of Public Administration, 1981.
119-20

Susan Ferrier: 5 November 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Susan Ferrier

5 November 1854

SF died at 38 Albany Street, Edinburgh, where she had lived for three years in the house of her brother Walter.
Parker, William Mathie. Susan Ferrier and John Galt. Longmans, Green, 1965.
9
Burnett, Lucy. “Susan Edmonstone Ferrier”. Sheffield Hallam Corvey: Corvey ’Adopt an Author’.

Florence Nightingale : Early November 1854 to August 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Florence Nightingale

Early November 1854 to August 1856

FN served as Superintendent of female nurses at the English General Military Hospitals in Turkey.
Baly, Monica E. Florence Nightingale and the Nursing Legacy. Croom Helm, 1986.
5
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2026, 22 vols. plus supplements.
Nightingale, Florence. Ever Yours, Florence Nightingale. Editors Vicinus, Martha and Bea Nergaard, Harvard University Press, 1990.
81

Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon: 6 November 1854

Building item

6 November 1854

Barbara Leigh Smith , later BLSB , opened her progressive Portman Hall elementary school, which was both co-educational and secular.
Herstein, Sheila R. A Mid-Victorian Feminist: Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon. Yale University Press, 1985.
61-2

George Eliot: 8 November 1854

Women writers item
Author event in George Eliot

8 November 1854

GE , recently arrived in Berlin and now calling herself Marian Evans Lewes, began to translate Spinoza 's Ethics; she never published her version.
Hands, Timothy. A George Eliot Chronology. G. K. Hall, 1989.
40
Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. W.W. Norton, 1995.
197
Ashton, Rosemary. George Eliot: A Life. Hamish Hamilton, 1996.
130

Anne Evans: Biography: 8 November 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Anne Evans: Biography

8 November 1854

AE 's father , whom she idolized, died at the grammar school at Market Bosworth in Leicestershire, where he was headmaster.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
under Arthur Benoni Evans
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Ritchie, Anne Thackeray, and Anne Evans. “Preface”. Anne Evans: Poems and Music, C. Kegan Paul, 1880, p. vii - xxix.
xi

Anne Evans: Biography: Late 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Anne Evans: Biography

Late 1854

After her father 's death, AE , her mother , her sister, and her youngest brother moved to Kensington Square, London.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Ritchie, Anne Thackeray, and Anne Evans. “Preface”. Anne Evans: Poems and Music, C. Kegan Paul, 1880, p. vii - xxix.
xiv