Though MBE
attended, together with a male friend, a meeting of the International Working Men's Association
presided over by Karl Marx
, she did so more as an observer than as a sympathiser. She felt no enthusiasm for women's higher education or women's suffrage as causes: she felt they addressed matters of abstract justice which would be resolved one day. (Furthermore, she suspected that university education might have spoiled rather than improved those women writers she most admired.) She herself felt more compelled by what she felt to be the less abstract cause of animal welfare, and the founding of the RSPCA
. The fact that Girton
and Somerville
taught vivisection lost them her sympathy forever. Nevertheless, she attended what she believed to be the first-ever meeting held by advocates of female suffrage, where John Stuart Mill
and Lord Houghton
spoke.
Betham-Edwards, Matilda. Reminiscences. G. Redway, 1898, p. vi, 354 pp.
Janet turns to suffrage politics in frustration with her life of service to her husband, a very traditional clergyman. Their son Denis meets and falls in love with Ruth when both are Oxford undergraduates (Ruth attends Drayton College, the fictional version of Somerville
which VB
had already invented). Janet conceives a passion for Ellison (who returns only friendship), leaves her husband, turns to acts of political violence like trying to burn down his church (which her son Denis prevents), and dies of peritonitis alone in London. Through the upheaval of the great war, Ruth learns about topics that Janet was ignorant of, like sexual feeling (learned from a visiting American with a fiancée back home), birth control, and homosexuality. She is able to be a better wife and mother than Janet was because of her new knowledge, but according to critic Leonardi she lacks any female community and still sees life as revolving around a man. (At the same time Ellison's plays lack something because of the absence of a man in her life.)
Leonardi, Susan J. Dangerous by Degrees: Women at Oxford and the Somerville College Novelists. Rutgers University Press, 1989, 254 p.
The talk was entitled The Progress of Public Opinion on the Land Question, Election Ballot, and Manhood Suffrage; State-aid, Payment of Members, the Land League. Among the audience of three or four hundred were prominent politicians, including Premier Charles Cowper
and Lands Minister Jack Robertson
. CC
began by noting that although certain people believed women ought not to have opinions on political matters, she herself had seen good cause to adopt certain well-defined political opinions and urged other women to do the same. The central topic she discussed, and endorsed, was the 1858 New South Wales Electoral Act which introduced Universal Manhood Suffrage to the colony.
Moran, John, and Caroline Chisholm. “Introduction and Commentary”. Radical, in Bonnet and Shawl: Four Political Lectures, Preferential Publications, 1994, pp. 1 - 12, 30.
AW
's home in Hampstead became an informal salon. She hosted musical events, garden entertainments, and talks on women's suffrage.
Hepburn, James et al. “Anna Wickham: A Memoir”. The Writings of Anna Wickham, Free Woman and Poet, edited by Reginald Donald Smith, Virago Press, 1984, pp. 1-48.
The young Alice, whose parents were conservatives, thought socialism romantic. She later wrote, I walked in the suffrage processions, but we thought of it as Romantic and Historical.
Another aunt, Philippa (Pippa) Strachey
was like other women in the family a committed suffrage leader and writer.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Strachey, Julia, and Frances Partridge. Julia: A Portrait of Julia Strachey. Little, Brown, 1983.
MS
's mother was Charlotte (Carmichael) Stopes
(1841-1929), an active feminist and a publishing freelance scholar. She campaigned for women's suffrage and as well as her academic writing published children's stories on the one hand and polemics about women on the other. Charlotte Stopes was the first woman in Scotland to earn a University Certificate.
Hall, Ruth, b. 1933. Marie Stopes: A Biography. Deutsch, 1977, http://University of Waterloo - Porter.
15-6, 19-20
She was harsh as a mother, parsimonious with praise but willing to inculcate religious fears.
At the request of John Stuart Mill
, MS
was the first to sign his new parliamentary petition for women's suffrage .
She had had misgivings about supporting such a cause when it seemed to align women with the working classes, whom she characterized as a disaffected mob whose real object is to overthrow the constitution. She wrote to Frances Power Cobbe
on 8 February 1867: I think the petition of the women to Parliament so ill timed that I cannot possibly sign it.
qtd. in
Mitchell, Sally. Frances Power Cobbe: Victorian Feminist, Journalist, Reformer. University of Virginia Press, 2004.
167
She overcame these misgivings, however.
Patterson, Elizabeth Chambers. “Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville (1780-1872)”. Women of Mathematics: A Biobiliographic Sourcebook, edited by Louise S. Grinstein and Paul J. Campbell, Greenwood Press, 1987, pp. 208-16.
Her interest in labour politics and women's rights, including the suffrage campaign, continued throughout her life. In 1884 she publicly reprimanded ladies who work among the poor [who] think it right to save their money for charity and buy cheap costumes, made far off by the same sisterhood. By supporting unfair trade, even while supporting charity, she argued, they become parties to more oppression than the district visiting of a lifetime can atone.
qtd. in
Simcox, Edith J. “Eight Years of Co-Operative Shirtmaking”. Nineteenth Century, Vol.
AS
, like her sister Louisa
, became actively interested in social questions concerning the position of women. She supported the struggle for the suffrage, and her name was one of the six hundred that appeared July 1889, as representative of an even greater number, with the combative Women's Suffrage: A Reply in the Fortnightly Review. It was she who took the lead in publishing the work of herself and of Louisa, and of seeing Louisa's work reissued following her death.
Her Women's Rights Versus Women's Wrongs was a response to Marion Bernstein
's call in the same paper for female suffrage, which in this poem JR
did not support. It provoked in turn a response from Bernstein claiming that Woman Suffrage / Soon would find a cure for all.
qtd. in
King, Elspeth. The Hidden History of Glasgow’s Women: The Thenew Factor. Mainstream Publishing, 1993.
87
Persuaded, Russell published a Recantation in which she promised to join the fight for the vote.
Boos, Florence S. “Cauld Engle-Cheek: Working-Class Women Poets in Victorian Scotland”. Victorian Poetry, Vol.
33
, No. 1, 1995, pp. 53-73.
57-9
King, Elspeth. The Hidden History of Glasgow’s Women: The Thenew Factor. Mainstream Publishing, 1993.
HHR
began subscribing to the periodical Votes for Women (the journal of the Women's Social and Political Union
) in 1909 (two years after it was launched), and to The Suffragette in 1912. Her interest was strongly engaged by the cause of women's suffrage—not surprisingly, since the Woman Question was invigoratingly canvassed by the European writers who had shaped her thinking. She marched in most of the major suffrage processions organised by the WSPU in London, while her husband joined sympathising male organisations. (She also took personal action against cruelty to horses working in the streets.) Through her, her sister became a more radical suffragette than herself. Lillian
was imprisoned in Holloway
for damage to a post office in 1912, and invited Sylvia Pankhurst
to speak in her house in Germany in 1914, when Pankhurst was prohibited from addressing a German audience at public meetings.
Ackland, Michael. Henry Handel Richardson: A Life. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
182, 187-90, 192-5
HHR
was certain, she wrote, that every broken window & burnt house takes [women] a few steps further from the harem & the veil.
Ackland, Michael. Henry Handel Richardson: A Life. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
During this period, Richardson also became involved in the suffrage cause. She visited her friend Leslie-Jones at Holloway Prison after the latter was arrested during the Easter Sunday march of 1907. In a letter to another friend, Peggy Kirkaldy
, in 1928 DR
notes that for some time the suffrage cause diverted me from all else,
Rosenberg, John. Dorothy Richardson: The Genius They Forgot: A Critical Biography. Duckworth, 1973.
43, 192
but no specific information on her suffragism is currently available.
Rosenberg, John. Dorothy Richardson: The Genius They Forgot: A Critical Biography. Duckworth, 1973.
BRP
's son, Joseph Hilaire Pierre René
, generally known as Hilaire Belloc (but to his family as Hilary), was born on 27 July 1870, just before the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war. He too became a writer and an ardent Catholic, but in contrast to his mother he developed into an anti-feminist, strongly opposed to female suffrage and higher education for women.
Markel, Michael H. Hilaire Belloc. Twayne, 1982.
1
Lowndes, Marie Belloc. I, Too, Have Lived in Arcadia. Macmillan, 1941.
116
Banks, Olive. The Biographical Dictionary of British Feminists. New York University Press, 1985–2025, 2 vols.
Crawford, Anne, editor. The Europa Biographical Dictionary of British Women. Europa Publications, 1983.
After Women and Economics and its translations had made Charlotte Perkins
famous in Europe, she was invited to speak in Berlin in 1904. She enjoyed her visit there, as well as time spent in Rome (where her daughter was living) and other places in Italy. In February 1905 she was off again, to London, Holland, Germany again, Austria, and Hungary. A final European trip in 1913 took her as a delegate to the Congress of the International Women's Suffrage Alliance
in Budapest that June.
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. An Autobiography. Editor Lane, Ann J., University of Wisconsin Press, 1990.
However evasive she may have been about her personal life, GH
expressed strong views and was known to have warned: Don't you get thinking this is a fair world for women, because it isn't.
qtd. in
Hodge, Jane Aiken. The Private World of Georgette Heyer. Bodley Head, 1984.
21
Although a self-confessed bluestocking, she hated suffrage demonstrations and women with a magnified sense of their own importance (the kind of women she apparently associated with the suffrage struggle).
qtd. in
Hodge, Jane Aiken. The Private World of Georgette Heyer. Bodley Head, 1984.
Critic John Sutherland says that in later life JOH
was a member of the Anti-Suffrage League
.
Sutherland, John, b. 1938. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press, 1989.
While neither Margaret Maison
nor Mildred Davis Harding
confirm this, they both quote from a letter she wrote to William Francis Brown
, apparently on 22 March 1906 (Harding dates it 2 March 1906), where she says: Women won't accept their absolute dependence on men. . . . That is why I am dead against Women's Colleges, Clubs, Suffrage and the like. They make each other wretched and they are, as influences on each other, utterly sterilizing and devitalizing.
qtd. in
Maison, Margaret. John Oliver Hobbes. Eighteen Nineties Society, 1976.
21, 72 n16
Harding, Mildred Davis. Air-Bird in the Water. Associated University Presses, 1996.
390-3, 492n11
Richards, John Morgan, and John Oliver Hobbes. “Pearl Richards Craigie: Biographical Sketch by her Father”. The Life of John Oliver Hobbes, J. Murray, 1911.
MH
's devotion to women's causes lasted her life through. Around 29 January 1879 something moved her to declare her allegiance on a sheet of paper now in the National Library of Scotland
: I entirely sympathise with the movement to obtain Female Suffrage.
qtd. in
Woodring, Carl Ray. Victorian Samplers: William and Mary Howitt. University of Kansas Press, 1952.
Over the years she reported to the WIL on a wide variety of issues—League of Nations
and International Labour Organization
work, disarmament initiatives, the pay equity drive by women teachers in Britain, and suffrage campaigns around the world, to name but a few.
Harvey, Kathryn. "Driven by War into Politics": A Feminist Biography of Kathleen Innes. University of Alberta, 1995.
AJ
was a convinced and effective supporter of most reformist causes of her day. During the 1770s she reprobated the design of coercing the American colonies,, and supported parliamentary reform, liberty for Ireland,
Meadley, George William. “Memoir of Mrs. Jebb”. The Monthly Repository, Vol.
7
, Oct. 1812, pp. 597 - 604, 661.
600
toleration (and the vote) for Roman Catholics,
Meadley, George William. “Memoir of Mrs. Jebb”. The Monthly Repository, Vol.
7
, Oct. 1812, pp. 597 - 604, 661.
601
and the abolition of slavery. As regards suffrage, she looked on parliamentary representation as the only effectual safeguard of [the people's] sacred rights.
Meadley, George William. “Memoir of Mrs. Jebb”. The Monthly Repository, Vol.
7
, Oct. 1812, pp. 597 - 604, 661.
600
She was later a supporter of the French Revolution, and she came to believe in universal suffrage. (She may have meant by this universal male suffrage, as most of her contemporaries would have done, but in view of her husband's strong statement about gender equality in his Theological Propositions and Miscellaneous Observations,
Jebb, John. The Works, Theological, Medical, Political, and Miscellaneous, of John Jebb, M.D. F.R.S. Editor Disney, John, T. Cadell, J. Johnson, and J. Stockdale; J. and J. Merrill, 1787, 3 vols.
2: 180
it is just possible that she was a suffragist in the feminist sense before her time.)