Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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Rachel Speght: Summer 1644

Women writers item
Author event in Rachel Speght

Summer 1644

Following her husband 's ejectment from his living, RS and her children lost their comfortable rectory home and were forced to move to other quarters, though they remained at Stradishall.
Speight, Helen. “Rachel Speght’s Polemical Life”. Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol.
65
, No. 3/4, 2002, pp. 449-63.
459

July 1644: The Parliamentary forces won a victory in...

National or international item

July 1644

The Parliamentary forces won a victory in the second battle of Edgehill.
Cope, Esther S. Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanor Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie. University of Michigan Press, 1992.
116

8 July 1644: William Cavendish (then Marquess of Newcastle,...

National or international item

8 July 1644

William Cavendish (then Marquess of Newcastle , later husband of Margaret Cavendish ), commander-in-chief of royalist forces in England, landed in Hamburg in Germany.
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2025, 22 vols. plus supplements.
Father of two women writers, he was shortly to marry a third.

Lady Eleanor Douglas: 23 July 1644

Women writers item
Author event in Lady Eleanor Douglas

23 July 1644

LED signed and dated another pamphlet, The Restitution of Reprobates.
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.

Lady Eleanor Douglas: 28 July 1644

Women writers item
Author event in Lady Eleanor Douglas

28 July 1644

Sir Archibald Douglas , LED 's second husband, died; he had suffered what was probably a stroke on 1 June 1631.
Cope, Esther S. Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanor Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie. University of Michigan Press, 1992.
116-7, 56

Lady Jane Cavendish: 2 August 1644-August 1645

National or international item
Author event in Lady Jane Cavendish

2 August 1644-August 1645

Welbeck Abbey, where LJC was based with both her married sister, Elizabeth , and her unmarried one, Frances , fell to Roundhead forces and for a year harboured a garrison of which they were virtual prisoners.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Lady Eleanor Douglas: 23 September 1644

Women writers item
Author event in Lady Eleanor Douglas

23 September 1644

LED published Her Blessing to her Beloved Daughter . . ..
Douglas, Lady Eleanor. Prophetic Writings of Lady Eleanor Davies. Editor Cope, Esther S., Oxford University Press, 1995.
115ff

Margaret Cavendish: Just before 19 October 1644

National or international item
Author event in Margaret Cavendish

Just before 19 October 1644

Following royalist defeats, Queen Mary (Henrietta Maria ) sailed from Falmouth, heading for exile in Paris. Among the courtiers attending her was Margaret Lucas (later Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle) .
Jones, Kathleen. A Glorious Fame: The Life of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, 1623-1673. Bloomsbury, 1988.
30
Strickland, Agnes, and Elizabeth Strickland. Lives of the Queens of England, from the Norman Conquest. G. Barrie, 1902, 16 vols.
9: 224-5

Lady Eleanor Douglas: 22 November 1644

Women writers item
Author event in Lady Eleanor Douglas

22 November 1644

LED published A Prayer or Petition for Peace, as Charles I was marching on Oxford.
Douglas, Lady Eleanor. Prophetic Writings of Lady Eleanor Davies. Editor Cope, Esther S., Oxford University Press, 1995.
131ff

23 November 1644: John Milton published Areopagitica, which...

Writing climate item

23 November 1644

John Milton published Areopagitica, which has become one of his most famous prose tracts because of its subject-matter: a condemnation of censorship, or (stretching its original position slightly) even a defence of freedom of...

19 December 1644: Parliament passed an ordinance insisting...

National or international item

19 December 1644

Parliament passed an ordinance insisting that when, in the coming week, Christmas clashed with a monthly fast day, the fast should displace the feast.
Purkiss, Diane. The English Civil War, A People’s History. Harper Perennial, 2007.
238-41

Gertrude Thimelby: About 1645

Women writers item
Author event in Gertrude Thimelby

About 1645

Gertrude Aston married Henry Thimelby of Corby near Irnham in Lincolnshire, the representative of a Catholic family as prominent as her own.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.

Elinor James: About 1645

Women writers item
Author event in Elinor James

About 1645

Elinor Banks or Banckes (later EJ ) was born, probably in London.
McDowell, Paula. The Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678-1730. Clarendon, 1998.
33-4

1645: The government of Sweden began publication...

Writing climate item

1645

The government of Sweden began publication of Post och Inrikes Tidningar (PoIT), considered to be the world's oldest newspaper still in circulation.
“A Newspaper Timeline”. World Association of Newspapers.
“World’s oldest newspaper ends print version for Internet format”. Sweden.se: The Official Gateway to Sweden: News, 27 Jan. 2007.

Katherine Chidley: 2 January 1645

Women writers item
Author event in Katherine Chidley

2 January 1645

KC published with her name A New-Yeares-Gift; or, A Brief Exhortation to Mr Thomas Edwards, another vigorous attack (in answer to his Antapologia, 1644), urging him to abandon his old sins with the old year.
English Short Title Catalogue. http://estc.bl.uk/.
Cox, Michael, editor. The Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2 vols.

4 January 1645: The official Directory for Public Worship,...

National or international item

4 January 1645

The official Directory for Public Worship, doing away with every feast or fast of the Church of England except Sunday, was published on this day, though it was not distributed until August.
Purkiss, Diane. The English Civil War, A People’s History. Harper Perennial, 2007.
238-9

10 January 1645: William Laud, Charles I's unpopular High...

National or international item

10 January 1645

William Laud , Charles I 's unpopular High Church Archbishop of Canterbury, impeached the previous autumn, was executed.
Cope, Esther S. Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanor Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie. University of Michigan Press, 1992.
121-2
Purkiss, Diane. The English Civil War, A People’s History. Harper Perennial, 2007.
374
Lady Eleanor Douglas had both prophesied this event and called for it to be done.

Mary Ward: 20 January 1645

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Ward

20 January 1645

MW , whose health had been failing for some time, died in a safe home outside the recently besieged city of York.
Margaret Mary Littlehales notes that the date of her death, recorded in...

Ann, Lady Fanshawe: 23 February 1645

Women writers item
Author event in Ann, Lady Fanshawe

23 February 1645

Ann, Lady Fanshawe , bore her first child, a son christened with her birth name of Harrison, at Trinity College, Oxford—a city which was at this date a military centre.
Purkiss, Diane. The English Civil War, A People’s History. Harper Perennial, 2007.
274

25 March 1645: In the first case of witchcraft managed by...

Building item

25 March 1645

In the first case of witchcraft managed by Matthew Hopkins , Elizabeth Clarke of Manningtree in Essex (who had probably been deprived of sleep during interrogation) confessed to using familiars.
Purkiss, Diane. The English Civil War, A People’s History. Harper Perennial, 2007.
380, 376-8

Aemilia Lanyer: March or April 1645

Women writers item
Author event in Aemilia Lanyer

March or April 1645

AL died in London.
Woods, Susanne. Lanyer: A Renaissance Woman Poet. Oxford University Press, 1999.
3

3 April 1645: The Self-Denying Ordinance provided that...

National or international item

3 April 1645

The Self-Denying Ordinance provided that all members of both Houses of Parliament were to resign from all military or civil offices they had held since 1640. Reappointments were to be made later, according to merit...

April 1645: Cromwell formed his New Model Army, the first...

National or international item

April 1645

Cromwell formed his New Model Army , the first approximation to a modern, disciplined, professional fighting body.
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2025, 22 vols. plus supplements.

9 June 1645: James Strong, a local clergyman calling himself...

Writing climate item

9 June 1645

James Strong , a local clergyman calling himself a Batchelour, published, apparently at London, Joanereidos: or, Feminine Valour: Eminently Discovered in Westerne Women, celebrating the military skills of west-country women in the English Civil War.
English Short Title Catalogue. http://estc.bl.uk/.

14 June 1645: Cromwell's New Model Army scored its first...

National or international item

14 June 1645

Cromwell 's New Model Army scored its first signal victory, at the battle of Naseby in Northamptonshire. This defeat for Charles I was a step towards his surrender in May 1646 and the end...