After intense anxiety about her presumed unworthiness (which was, however, normal in this situation), ES
became a minister. During the time of persecution she sometimes had stones and clods of earth thrown at her as she walked to meetings. Only a little Remnant went on mustering courage to attend, as opposed to merely praying at home.
Stirredge, Elizabeth. Strength in Weakness Manifest. J. Sowle, 1711.
Soon after suffering her miscarriage, FAS
was forced by her husband's illness to attend to a crisis in his office involving some misappropriation of funds.
Powell, Violet. Flora Annie Steel: Novelist of India. Heinemann, 1981.
16
The resulting crash course in administration stood her in good stead as her own career in India developed. At the same time, organizing a ball, a concert, and a stage production for the British hill station at Dalhousie brought her into contact with the local native population (from whom she wanted to commission work on curtains, footlights, and so on). She realised how inadequate was the pidgin speech used by British employers and servants for communication, and set about learning Indian languages properly. This laid the foundation for her interest in Indian culture.
Powell, Violet. Flora Annie Steel: Novelist of India. Heinemann, 1981.
17
Back in India after the home leave during which she had taken her baby daughter to England, she began doctoring . . . the women and children of Kasur.
Powell, Violet. Flora Annie Steel: Novelist of India. Heinemann, 1981.
23
Her reputation was quickly established when she saved a young woman with puerperal fever, whose husband's previous wives had all died in childbirth.
Powell, Violet. Flora Annie Steel: Novelist of India. Heinemann, 1981.
After university he seems to have worked in a secretarial capacity for various great men before settling as private secretary to Arthur, Lord Grey of Wilton
, in 1580. Grey's top appointment in Ireland that year placed Spenser in the Irish civil service. His salary at the end of 1580 was twenty pounds, plus various perks. He went on to hold a range of highly responsible positions in Ireland.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
As a child GS
sometimes modelled with her siblings for her father's illustrations. His Afternoon Tea, 1880, shows her at the age of four, posing with her elder brother and sister. In her teens she was singled out by her father (in preference to her elder sister) to entertain his business guests in the drawing-room, a duty she hated.
Riley, Patricia. Looking for Githa. New Writing North, 2009.
As an undergraduate ZS
already hoped one day to make her living through the noble art of literature. Though she felt compelled to disguise her ambition with a joke, it came true with remarkable speed.
By 1922, after a brief spell in an engineering firm, she was working as a secretary at Pearson and Newnes
publishing firm, a job she kept for thirty years.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Spalding, Frances. Stevie Smith: A Critical Biography. Faber and Faber, 1988.
46
She never considered changing jobs.
Couzyn, Jeni, editor. The Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Women Poets. Bloodaxe Books, 1985.
34
Her boss, Sir Neville Pearson
, appears lightly disguised in her first two novels; he was a lodestar in [her] disordered existence. Her work did not use up [her] whole energy, and this was the way she wanted it. She gave up her job after her attempted suicide in 1953.
qtd. in
Cooke, Rachel, and Stevie Smith. “Introduction”. Novel on Yellow Paper, Virago, 2015.
She worked as amanuensis or secretary to her father, and later became a freelance research assistant, as well as a scholarly writer on her own account.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
With her friend Mary Hamilton
, EJS
operated a successful shirt and collar manufacturing co-operative business at 68 Dean Street in Soho.
Ashton, Rosemary. George Eliot: A Life. Hamish Hamilton, 1996.
331
Fulmer, Constance M. et al. “Preface, Introduction and Editorial Materials”. A Monument to the Memory of George Eliot, Garland, 1998, pp. xi - xvii, 1.
xi
McKenzie, Keith Alexander, and Gordon S. Haight. Edith Simcox and George Eliot. Oxford University Press, 1961.
At the time of the first move she felt she had turned her life around. For half a year she held a job as a shorthand-typist, and otherwise she worked at becoming a writer.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Owing to her father's financial crisis of 1817, MS
obtained employment as a governess (that is in later terminology a teacher) for a short period of time at a school in Essex.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
After getting her degree, EJS
worked as a secretary in London. One of her employers was Ellis Roberts
, literary editor of Time and Tide.
Dowson, Jane, editor. Women’s Poetry of the 1930s: A Critical Anthology. Routledge, 1996.
122
As a poet she pursued her course undistracted by any search for popularity—joined no groups, gave no poetry readings (until once at the very end of her life).
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
As soon as she had a house she began taking in children of friends from the East on their holidays and the children, by his first marriage, of her brother who was now in America. This caring for children brought in some income while ES
continued writing and looked for a publisher.
At this date, a census report tells us, JMR
still thought of himself as a civil engineer, though according to independent scholar Dick Collins
he seems not to have had formal training, and doesn't appear in any professional register.
Collins, Dick. “James Malcolm Rymer (1814 - 1884)”. The Literary Encyclopedia, 18 June 2008.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Madeline Bradley first began acting on the Londonstage at fourteen, when she played Queen of the Fairies in a Christmas pantomime. Early in her career, she adopted the stage name Madeleine Lucette. She went on to tour the British Isles with opera companies, including McCaull's Comic Opera Company
and the company which became the famous D'Oyly Carte.
Engle, Sherry D. New Women Dramatists in America, 1890-1920. Palgrave MacMilan, 2007.
Having begun to publish in the 1830s, when he became a champion of J. W. Turner
against established styles of painting, JR
made his name and created a sensation with the appearance of the first volume of Modern Painters in 1843. He became a leading art critic and patron of the arts, having a major influence on the Pre-Raphaelite
movement, including its women. His generous attempts to foster Elizabeth Siddal
's painterly ambition were ended by her death, and he acted as a patron to Dante Gabriel Rossetti
, her future husband, but he also crushed Anna Mary Howitt
's aspirations after she sought his opinion on her work.
Chisholm, Hugh, editor. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Eleventh, Cambridge University Press, 1911.
ESR
as a young woman was fairly serious about her painting as well as writing. Her paintings include landscapes and portraits, the latter both of living subjects and of fictitious figures like the muses and an Amazon.
Kennedy, Deborah. Poetic Sisters. Early Eighteenth-Century Women Poets. Bucknell University Press, 2013.
On leaving the St Quintins' school FAR
became a governess. Her employers included, for several years, Lord Bessborough
(one of whose children was the future Lady Caroline Lamb
).
Mitford, Mary Russell. The Life of Mary Russell Mitford: Told by Herself in Letters To Her Friends. Editor L’Estrange, Alfred Guy Kingham, Harper and Brothers, 1870, 2 vols.
In CalcuttaER
took up her literary ambitions again, and found herself work in local journalism as both writer and editor. She continued to pursue this career after her return to England a year later.
As they reached adulthood, ATR
and her sister came increasingly to compensate for their father's lack of a wife. Even as children, Anne recalled, he always talked to us very gravely as if we were grown up women.
Ritchie, Anne Thackeray. Anne Thackeray Ritchie: Journals and Letters. Editors Bloom, Abigail Burnham and John Maynard, Ohio State University Press, 1994.
129
He took them into his confidence early on about money matters, as is evident when Anne jovially notes in a letter of 1856: One thing keeps us at home is that Pa aint got no money.
Ritchie, Anne Thackeray. Anne Thackeray Ritchie: Journals and Letters. Editors Bloom, Abigail Burnham and John Maynard, Ohio State University Press, 1994.
46
He referred to them as his 2 little wives
Shankman, Lillian F., and Anne Thackeray Ritchie. “Biographical Commentary and Notes”. Anne Thackeray Ritchie: Journals and Letters, edited by Abigail Burnham Bloom et al., Ohio State University Press, 1994, p. various pages.
35
and neither of them married until after his death. Anne herself acted not just socially but professionally on her father's behalf, becoming Thackeray
's secretary and amanuensisfrom 1851 until he died.
Gérin, Winifred. Anne Thackeray Ritchie: A Biography. Oxford University Press, 1981.