Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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Marguerite Gardiner, Countess of Blessington: 14 April 1849

Women writers item

14 April 1849

Marguerite Blessington , fleeing from bankruptcy, moved into an apartment in the Rue du Cerq, off the Champs Elysées in Paris.
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2026, 22 vols. plus supplements.
Feldman, Paula R., editor. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. John Hopkins University Press, 1997.
150
Molloy, Joseph Fitzgerald. The Most Gorgeous Lady Blessington. 4th ed., Downey, 1896.
439

14 April 1849: Hungary, under the revolutionary leadership...

National or international item

14 April 1849

Hungary, under the revolutionary leadership of Louis Kossuth , became an autonomous reformed state, deposing the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph .
Hobsbawm, Eric John. The Age of Capital 1848-1875. Abacus, 1975.
32
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
160
Deák, István. “Lawful Revolutions and the Many Meanings of Freedom in the Habsburg Monarchy”. Revolution and the Meanings of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Isser Woloch, Stanford University Press, 1996, pp. 280-14.
304

Mary Ann Shadd Cary: By 23 April 1849

Writing climate item
Author event in Mary Ann Shadd Cary

By 23 April 1849

Mary Ann Shadd (later Cary) published her twelve-page pamphlet Hints to the Colored People of the North.
Almonte, Richard, and Mary Ann Shadd Cary. “Introduction”. A Plea for Emigration, edited by Richard Almonte and Richard Almonte, Mercury Press, 1998, pp. 9-41.
14

Algernon Charles Swinburne: 24 April 1849

Writing climate item

24 April 1849

ACS began his studies at Eton .
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

25 April 1849: The Parliament Buildings in Lower Canada...

National or international item

25 April 1849

The Parliament Buildings in Lower Canada were burned in a riot in Montreal following the signing of the Rebellion Losses Bill.
Keller, Helen, editor. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan, 1934, 2 vols.
II: 466
Williams, Neville. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the Present Time. David McKay, 1967.
210

Elizabeth Gaskell: May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Gaskell

May 1849

EG developed wider literary connections after the publication of Mary Barton brought her into London society.
Uglow, Jennifer S. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber, 1993.
219, 649n11

Menella Bute Smedley: By May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Menella Bute Smedley

By May 1849

At not yet thirty MBS , as S. M., published her first short novel, initially in Sharpe's London Magazine and then in a volume, The Maiden Aunt.
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.

By May 1849: With the help of Swiss mercenaries, Ferdinand...

National or international item

By May 1849

With the help of Swiss mercenaries, Ferdinand II reconquered Sicily and reinforced his rule in Naples.
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
189

May Laffan: 3 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in May Laffan

3 May 1849

Mary Laffan, who later called herself May , was born in Dublin.
Kahn, Helena Kelleher. Late Nineteenth-Century Ireland’s Political and Religious Controversies in the Fiction of May Laffan Hartley. ELT, 2005.
18
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Eliza Cook: 5 May 1849-25 November 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Eliza Cook

5 May 1849-25 November 1854

EC edited and wrote much of Eliza Cook's Journal, a wide-ranging middle-class feminist weekly.
OCLC WorldCat. 1992–1998, http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/content/worldcat/. Accessed 1999.

Emily Gerard: 7 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Emily Gerard

7 May 1849

EG was born at Chesters, Jedburgh, near Airdrie in Roxburghshire, Scotland.
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2026, 22 vols. plus supplements.

7 May 1849: The Royal Academy exhibition (held on the...

Building item

7 May 1849

The Royal Academy exhibition (held on the first Monday in May) featured the first Pre-Raphaelite works by William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais .
Boase, Thomas Sherrer Ross, editor. English Art, 1800-1870. Clarendon, 1959.
280
McMaster, Juliet. That Mighty Art of Black-and-White. Linley Sambourne, Punch, and the Royal Academy. Ad Hoc Press, 2009.
3

Mary Bailey: 8 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Bailey

8 May 1849

MB published in Hobart's Colonial Times newspaper what she claimed were the first English translations of odes of the ancient Greek poet Anacreon .
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.

Charlotte Chanter: 10 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Charlotte Chanter

10 May 1849

Charlotte Kingsley married the Reverend John Mill Chanter , at Clifton Church, near Bristol in Gloucestershire.
Chanter, John Mill. Wanderings in North Devon. Editor Chanter, Gratiana, Twiss and Son, 1887.
18-19
Sutherland, John, b. 1938. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press, 1989.
114

10 May 1849: John Ruskin published The Seven Lamps of...

Writing climate item

10 May 1849

John Ruskin published The Seven Lamps of Architecture, a seminal text for the Arts and Crafts movement.
Cumming, Elizabeth, and Wendy Kaplan. The Arts and Crafts Movement. Thames and Hudson, 1991.
12
Cox, Michael, editor. The Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2 vols.

Caroline Norton: By mid-May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Norton

By mid-May 1849

CN edited for publication Elizabeth Melville 's A Residence in Sierra Leone.
Chedzoy, Alan. A Scandalous Woman: The Story of Caroline Norton. Allison and Busby, 1995.
295
OCLC WorldCat. 1992–1998, http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/content/worldcat/. Accessed 1999.

Queen Victoria: 19 May 1849

National or international item
Author event in Queen Victoria

19 May 1849

A fourth assassination attempt on QV was made by an Irishman using a homemade gun.
Longford, Elizabeth. Queen Victoria: Born to Succeed. Harper and Row, 1964.
192

Maria Edgeworth: 22 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Maria Edgeworth

22 May 1849

ME died at Edgeworthstown House, aged eighty-one, a few hours after complaining of a pain around her heart.
Butler, Marilyn. Maria Edgeworth: A Literary Biography. Clarendon, 1972.
429

Charlotte Brontë: 23 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Charlotte Brontë

23 May 1849

CB reluctantly set out to accompany Anne, whose health was failing rapidly, to Scarborough, together with Ellen Nussey .
Barker, Juliet. The Brontës. St Martin’s Press, 1994.
581

Anne Brontë: 24 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Anne Brontë

24 May 1849

AB arrived in the health resort of Scarborough, Yorkshire, having been diagnosed with consumption early in the year. It was five months since Emily's death from the same disease on 19 December 1848.
Barker, Juliet. The Brontës. St Martin’s Press, 1994.
581, 591-2

Anne Brontë: 28 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Anne Brontë

28 May 1849

AB died of consumption at Scarborough in Yorkshire.

Frances Colenso: 30 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Frances Colenso

30 May 1849

FC was born at Forncett St Mary in Norfolk.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
under Harriette Emily Colenso
Kirk, John Foster, and S. Austin Allibone, editors. A Supplement to Allibone’s Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors. J. B. Lippincott, 1891, 2 vols.
Daymond, Margaret J., and Frances Colenso. “Introduction”. My Chief and I; or, Six Months in Natal after the Langalibalele Outbreak; and, Five Years Later, a Sequel, University of Natal Press, 1994, pp. 11-45.
18

George Eliot: 31 May 1849

Women writers item
Author event in George Eliot

31 May 1849

Robert Evans , father of Mary Ann Evans (later GE ), died after a long illness through which she nursed him faithfully.
Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. W.W. Norton, 1995.
100

Florence Nightingale : By June 1849

Women writers item
Author event in Florence Nightingale

By June 1849

After a seven-year courtship, FN received a proposal of marriage from poet and politician Richard Monckton Milnes .
Brothers, Barbara, and Julia Gergits, editors. Dictionary of Literary Biography 166. Gale Research, 1996.
166: 270
Nightingale, Florence. Ever Yours, Florence Nightingale. Editors Vicinus, Martha and Bea Nergaard, Harvard University Press, 1990.
40
Webb, Val. Florence Nightingale: The Making of a Radical Theologian. Chalice, 2002.
xix, 43

June 1849: The Italian revolution was suppressed in...

National or international item

June 1849

The Italian revolution was suppressed in Rome, where armies of by now non-revolutionary France (sent to protect the Pope) besieged and reconquered the city.
Hobsbawm, Eric John. The Age of Capital 1848-1875. Abacus, 1975.
31
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
188-9, 225