Caroline Norton

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Standard Name: Norton, Caroline
Birth Name: Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Sheridan
Pseudonym: A Young Lady of Distinction, aged eleven years
Married Name: Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton
Pseudonym: Pearce Stevenson, Esq.
Married Name: The Honourable Mrs Norton
Pseudonym: Aunt Carry
Pseudonym: Cxxxy
Pseudonym: Libertas
Publishing over forty years of the nineteenth century, professional woman of letters CN produced poetry and songs, four novels, stories, and a few unsuccessful plays. She edited annuals and periodicals, where she also published work of her own, including reviews. The circumstances of her life led her also to publish on the social-reform topics of child labour, divorce law, and married women's property, in pamphlets, letters to the Times, and well-researched monographs. Though she thought of herself as primarily a poet, her polemical writing is now her best-known, just as her contribution to reforming the laws for women in Victorian England has now overshadowed the scandal that dogged her in and beyond her lifetime.
Photograph of a painting of Caroline Norton by Sir George Hayter, 1832. She is seated at a desk with her chin resting pensively on her left hand while she pauses in writing with a quill pen in a large open book. Behind her is red drapery, a large column, and a nighttime scene. Her bare shoulders emerge from a white gauzy bodice with puffed, bound sleeves, gold trim at the neckline, and a gold mantle over it. She has gold bracelets on both her wrists; her black hair, parted in the middle, is coiled over her

Connections

Connections Author name Excerpt
Anthologization Dora Greenwell
DG also contributed during this decade, in collaboration with Jean Ingelow , Caroline Norton , and several other women, to Home Thoughts and Home Scenes, In Original Poems, published in 1865, a book of poetry for children.
death Lucie Duff Gordon
Caroline Norton , one of LDG 's closest friends, wrote following her death: A great reader, a great thinker, very original in her conclusions, very eager in impressing her opinions, her mind was not like...
death Edmund Spenser
Spenser's early women readers who were also poets seem to have included An Collins and Alicia D'Anvers . Later women writers in English either found him useful for raising the status of the romance genre...
Dedications Matilda Charlotte Houstoun
She dedicated it to Caroline Norton 's brother, who shared the name of his grandfather Richard Brinsley Sheridan , and to the memory of Houstoun's own brother, John Heneage Jesse .
Houstoun, Matilda Charlotte. A Woman’s Memories of World-Known Men. F. V. White, 1883, 2 vols.
I: prelims
Education Dora Greenwell
Thereafter, she taught herself, studying philosophy, Latin, German, Italian, French, political economy, and theology.
“Dictionary of Literary Biography online”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Center-LRC.
199
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Dorling, William. Memoirs of Dora Greenwell. James Clarke, 1885.
73
She was very well read and took a particular interest in the writings of Caroline Norton , Felicia Hemans
Family and Intimate relationships Maria Riddell
Her daughter, Anna Maria , married a naval officer, Charles Montagu Walker , and had eight children. Most of her inheritance vanished in mortgages and contested ownership. One of MR 's grandsons took an interest...
Family and Intimate relationships Caroline Blackwood
Through her father, CB was descended from the writer Frances Sheridan , though the Sheridan blood was thought of in the family as bad blood, and CB 's biographer seems to associate it solely...
Family and Intimate relationships Harriette Wilson
On the journey to Newcastle HW had begun a flirtation with the witty Tom Sheridan (born 1775, son of the playwright, grandson of Frances Sheridan , and father of Caroline Norton ). He and his...
Family and Intimate relationships Marguerite Gardiner Countess of Blessington
Respectable women had always shunned Blessington on account of her past; now her present too was publicly unacceptable. Her sister Ellen, now well married, dropped her.
Blessington, Marguerite Gardiner, Countess of. “Introduction”. Conversations of Lord Byron, edited by Ernest J., Jr Lovell, Princeton University Press, 1969, pp. 3-114.
80
Camilla Crosland later recalled how as an unmarried...
Family and Intimate relationships Mary Ann Cavendish Bradshaw
According to her first daughter-in-law writing years later, MACB suggested, while she and the young people were in Paris, that Emily ought to advance her husband's career by either sleeping with or at least...
Fictionalization Lucie Duff Gordon
LDG was an inspiration to several of her literary peers. George Meredith probably had her in mind in drawing his character Lady Dunstane in Diana of the Crossways. (His Lady Dunstane is a close...
Friends, Associates Elizabeth Rigby
In 1854 she met Charles Kingsley at a dinner given by Richard Monckton Milnes . Henry Layard, the traveller and archaeologist, also became a friend. Harriet Grote was another new and close friend, and...
Friends, Associates Georgiana Chatterton
In Italy GC met one of her closest friends, Helen Selina Blackwood , Caroline Norton 's elder sister.
Dering, Edward Heneage, and Georgiana Chatterton. Memoirs of Georgiana, Lady Chatterton. Hurst and Blackett, 1878.
26
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Back in England, she met and liked Walter Savage Landor .
Dering, Edward Heneage, and Georgiana Chatterton. Memoirs of Georgiana, Lady Chatterton. Hurst and Blackett, 1878.
37
She moved and entertained...
Friends, Associates Caroline Clive
CC remained a close friend of her early passion Catherine Gore .
qtd. in
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
She was also acquainted with Mary Russell Mitford , whom she described as priggy,
Clive, Caroline. Caroline Clive. Editor Clive, Mary, Bodley Head, 1949.
266
Elizabeth Barrett Browning ,
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
and Harriet Martineau
Friends, Associates Eliza Cook
Her literary friends included Alfred Henry Forrester (Alfred Crowquill), for whose album she wrote a poem, and William Jerdan , who gave her valuable advice about her work. She visited with American poet...

Timeline

3 June 1829: Publisher Henry Colburn went into partnership...

Writing climate item

3 June 1829

Publisher Henry Colburn went into partnership with Richard Bentley (1794 - ­1871) (who, in order to do this, had just dissolved the partnership between himself and his brother Samuel Bentley as printers).
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
under Richard Bentley, 1794-1871

July 1832: A monthly periodical for women entitled The...

Writing climate item

July 1832

A monthly periodical for women entitled The Court Magazine and Belle Assemblée swallowed up La Belle Assemblée and began publishing under this title in London.
Palmegiano, Eugenia M. Women and British Periodicals, 1832-1867: A Bibliography. Garland, 1976.
4
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.
Solo: Search Oxford University Libraries Online. 18 July 2011, http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=OXVU1&fromLogin=true&reset_config=true.

16 October 1834: Fire destroyed the British Houses of Parliament,...

National or international item

16 October 1834

Fire destroyed the British Houses of Parliament, which were then rebuilt from 1841 to 1863 in the Gothic style.
Phillips, Janet, and Peter Phillips. Victorians at Home and Away. Croom Helm, 1978.
44
Palmer, Alan, and Veronica Palmer. The Chronology of British History. Century, 1992.
259
Bell, Quentin. Victorian Artists. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967.
24
Maas, Jeremy. Victorian Painters. Barrie and Jenkins, 1978.
14

April 1837: Sergeant Talfourd, a Member of Parliament...

National or international item

April 1837

Sergeant Talfourd , a Member of Parliament and a friend of Caroline Norton , introduced an Infant Custody Bill.
Huddleston, Joan, and Caroline Norton. “Introduction”. Caroline Norton’s Defense, Academy Chicago, 1982, p. I - XIII.
ix

July 1838: An article on the Custody of Infants Bill...

Building item

July 1838

An article on the Custody of Infants Bill in the British and Foreign Quarterly Review attacked both the proposed legislation and its proponent Caroline Norton .
Helsinger, Elizabeth K. et al. The Woman Question. Garland, 1983.
2: 9, 213
Houghton, Walter E., and Jean Harris Slingerland, editors. The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824-1900. University of Toronto Press, 1966–1989, 5 vols.

4 December 1845: The position of Peel's Conservative government...

National or international item

4 December 1845

The position of Peel 's Conservative government was severely shaken by a report in the Times that it was about to repeal the Corn Laws.
Chedzoy, Alan. A Scandalous Woman: The Story of Caroline Norton. Allison and Busby, 1995.
215-17

March 1848: Chartist uprisings took place in London,...

National or international item

March 1848

Chartist uprisings took place in London, Glasgow, and Manchester.
Royle, Edward. Chartism. Longman, 1980.
40-3

1855: James Ridgway published a pamphlet entitled...

Building item

1855

James Ridgway published a pamphlet entitled Remarks on the Law of Marriage and Divorce; suggested by the Honourable Mrs Norton 's Letter to the Queen.
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England. Princeton University Press, 1989.
157

December 1855: Barbara Leigh Smith, later Bodichon, founded...

National or international item

December 1855

Barbara Leigh Smith , later Bodichon, founded the Married Women's Property Committee (sometimes called the Women's Committee) to draw up a petition for a married women's property bill.
Herstein, Sheila R. A Mid-Victorian Feminist: Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon. Yale University Press, 1985.
78-9
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England. Princeton University Press, 1989.
32-3
Chedzoy, Alan. A Scandalous Woman: The Story of Caroline Norton. Allison and Busby, 1995.
245-8

May 1856: Lord Chancellor Cranworth presented a second...

National or international item

May 1856

Lord Chancellor Cranworth presented a second divorce bill, to which there were several successful amendments affecting married women's property.
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England. Princeton University Press, 1989.
38-40, 44-5
Atkinson, Diane. The Criminal Conversation of Mrs Norton. Preface Publishing, 2012.
390

April 1873: The Custody of Infants Act made provision...

Building item

April 1873

The Custody of Infants Act made provision for women separating from their husbands to be awarded custody of children up to the age of sixteen.
Taylor, Anne, 1932 -. Annie Besant: A Biography. Oxford University Press, 1992.
60, 62

By 14 March 1885: George Meredith published Diana of the Crossways,...

Writing climate item

By 14 March 1885

George Meredith published Diana of the Crossways, a novel based on the life of Caroline Norton .
Athenæum. J. Lection.
2994 (1885): 339
Chedzoy, Alan. A Scandalous Woman: The Story of Caroline Norton. Allison and Busby, 1995.
291-3

Texts

Norton, Caroline. A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth’s Marriage and Divorce Bill. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1855.
Norton, Caroline. A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth’s Marriage and Divorce Bill. Cambridge University Press, 2010, http://www.cambridge.org/series/sSeries.asp?code=CLOR.
Norton, Caroline. A Plain Letter to the Lord Chancellor on the Infant Custody Bill. J. Ridgway, 1839, p. .
Norton, Caroline. A Review of the Divorce Bill of 1856. J. W. Parker and Son, 1857.
Norton, Caroline. “A Review of the Divorce Bill of 1856”. The Wives: The Rights of Married Women, edited by Marie Mulvey Roberts and Tamae Mizuta, Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1994, pp. 1-178.
Norton, Caroline. A Voice from the Factories. J. Murray, 1836.
Norton, Caroline. A Voice from the Factories. Woodstock Books, 1994.
Norton, Caroline, and John Absolon. Aunt Carry’s Ballads for Children. J. Cundall, 1847.
Norton, Caroline, and William Thomas Smedley. Bingen on the Rhine. John C. Winston, 1883.
Norton, Caroline, and Joan Huddleston. Caroline Norton’s Defense. Academy Chicago, 1982.
Norton, Caroline. English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century. Printed for private circulation, 1854.
Ingelow, Jean et al. Home Thoughts and Home Scenes. Routledge, Warne and Routledge, 1865.
Huddleston, Joan, and Caroline Norton. “Introduction”. Caroline Norton’s Defense, Academy Chicago, 1982, p. I - XIII.
Shurbutt, S. Bailey, and Caroline Norton. “Introduction”. Lost and Saved, Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, 1988, pp. 3-26.
Norton, Caroline. “Introduction”. A Voice from the Factories, edited by Jonathan Wordsworth, Woodstock Books, 1994.
Norton, Caroline, editor. La Belle Assemblée. J. Bell.
Norton, Caroline. “Lady Duff-Gordon and Her Works”. Macmillan’s Magazine, Vol.
20
, pp. 457-62.
Norton, Caroline. Letters to the Mob. T. Bosworth, 1848.
Norton, Caroline. Lost and Saved. Hurst and Blackett, 1863, 3 vols.
Norton, Caroline, and S. Bailey Shurbutt. Lost and Saved. Scholars’ Facsimilies and Reprints, 1988.
Norton, Caroline. Observations on the Natural Claim of the Mother to the Custody of her Infant Children. J. Ridgway, 1837.
Norton, Caroline. Old Sir Douglas. Hurst and Blackett, 1868, 3 vols.
Norton, Caroline. Poems. Allen and Ticknor, 1833.
Norton, Caroline. “Review: The Angel in the House and Goblin MarketMacmillans, pp. 398-04.
Norton, Caroline et al. Selected Writings of Caroline Norton. Scholar’s Facsimiles and Reprints, 1978.