Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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Elizabeth Gaskell: June 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Gaskell

June 1847

Libbie Marsh's Three Eras was the first of three stories with which EG appeared under the pseudonym Cotton Mather Mills in Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress.
Uglow, Jennifer S. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber, 1993.
171-2, 617

Harriet Martineau: June 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Harriet Martineau

June 1847

Following their eight-month tour of Egypt and the Holy Land, HM and her travelling companions embarked on their homeward journey.
Pichanick, Valerie Kossew. Harriet Martineau: The Woman and Her Work, 1802-76. University of Michigan Press, 1980.
176

: Liberal Protestants defeated conservative...

National or international item

Summer 1847

Liberal Protestants defeated conservative Catholics in a civil war in Switzerland.
Hobsbawm, Eric John. The Age of Revolution 1789-1848. Vintage, 1996.
118, 302, 308
Sheehan, James J. “The German States and the European Revolution”. Revolution and the Meanings of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Isser Woloch, Stanford University Press, 1996, pp. 246-79.
267

By 5 June 1847: Leigh Hunt published Men, Women, and Boo...

Writing climate item

By 5 June 1847

Leigh Hunt published Men, Women, and Books.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1023 (1847): 595
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.

8 June 1847: The Irish Poor Law Extension Act was pas...

National or international item

8 June 1847

The Irish Poor Law Extension Act was passed.
Foster, Robert Fitzroy. Modern Ireland 1600-1972. Allen Lane, 1988.
328, 607
Curtis, Liz. The Cause of Ireland: From the United Irishmen to Partition. Beyond the Pale Publications, 1994.
50
Maddox, Brenda. “The queen of Coole”. theguardian.com, 30 Aug. 2003.

8 June 1847: A Factory Act, also known as The Ten Hours...

Building item

8 June 1847

A Factory Act, also known as The Ten Hours Act, restricted the length of British women's and teenagers' working day in textile factories to ten hours.
Cook, Chris, and John, 1946 - Stevenson. The Longman Handbook of Modern British History, 1714-1995. 3rd ed., Longman, 1996.
164-5
Palmer, Alan, and Veronica Palmer. The Chronology of British History. Century, 1992.
269
Schwarzkopf, Jutta. Women in the Chartist Movement. St Martin’s Press, 1991.
179
Zlotnick, Susan. Women, Writing, and the Industrial Revolution. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
209-10
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.
Sweet, Matthew. Inventing the Victorians. St Martin’s Press, 2001.
3

Millicent Garrett Fawcett: 11 June 1847

Women writers item

11 June 1847

Millicent Garrett (later MGF ) was born at her parents' home, Uplands, at Aldeburgh in Suffolk.
The house is now (2013) a hotel.
Weaver, John Reginald Homer, editor. The Dictionary of National Biography, Fourth Supplement, 1922-1930. Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1937.
Green, Tony. “Letters: Fall of the wild”. The Guardian, 13 June 2013, p. 41.

Grace Aguilar: 14 June 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Grace Aguilar

14 June 1847

Before setting off for Germany seeking improvement in her health, GA was honoured by middle-class Jewish women in London with a testimonial, an address, money collected for her benefit, and a silver inkstand.
Hall, Anna Maria, and Frederick William Fairholt. Pilgrimages to English Shrines. New Edition, Arthur Hall, Virtue, 1853.
462-3
Galchinsky, Michael. The Origin of the Modern Jewish Woman Writer. Wayne State University Press, 1996.
180
Abrahams, Beth-Zion. “Grace Aguilar: A Centenary Tribute”. Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, Vol.
16
, 1952, pp. 137-48.
146

Grace Aguilar: 16 or 17 June 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Grace Aguilar

16 or 17 June 1847

GA and her mother left England for Germany, to seek a consultation with an eminent German physician about Grace's condition.
Aguilar, Grace. An Archive of Her Letters.
6 April 1848: 4
Hall, Anna Maria, and Frederick William Fairholt. Pilgrimages to English Shrines. New Edition, Arthur Hall, Virtue, 1853.
458

Caroline Chisholm: July 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Chisholm

July 1847

CC gave evidence before the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Colonisation from Ireland .
Chisholm, Caroline. Comfort for the Poor! Meat Three Times a Day!! John Ollivier, 1847, 11 pp.
1

Mary Cowden Clarke: Summer 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Cowden Clarke

Summer 1847

MCC made a first, month-long trip to Italy with her husband and some of her family: they travelled out via Germany, the Rhine, and Switzerland.
Clarke, Mary Cowden. My Long Life. Dodd, Mead, 1896.
131-2

Caroline Frances Cornwallis : July 1847

Women writers item

July 1847

CFC published volume twelve of Small Books, entitled General Principles of Grammar and as usual costing three shillings and sixpence.
Cornwallis, Caroline Frances. Christian Sects in the Nineteenth Century. William Pickering, 1846.
advertisements
Hunt, Leigh, editor. The Examiner. John Hunt.
2420 (17 June 1854)

Jane Francesca, Lady Wilde: Summer 1847

Women writers item

Summer 1847

Jane Francesca Elgee (later JFLW ) left Ireland and travelled through Scotland with her second cousin Jessie Renwick , visiting friends and relations in Edinburgh (probably staying at 49 Minto Street) and a number...

Christina Rossetti: Summer 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Christina Rossetti

Summer 1847

CR 's first collection, Verses, dedicated to her mother
Rossetti, Christina. The Complete Poems of Christina Rossetti. Editor Crump, Rebecca W., Louisiana State University Press, 1979–1990, 3 vols.
3: 386
, was privately printed by her grandfather .
Marsh, Jan. Christina Rossetti: A Writer’s Life. Viking, 1995.
72-3

Celia Moss: July 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Celia Moss

July 1847

The Occident, and American Jewish Advocate of Philadelphia began to carry CM 's serial story The Martyrs Of Worms, A German Tale.
Leeser, Isaac, editor. The Occident, and American Jewish Advocate.
5: (July 1847)

1 July 1847: A British government enquiry into the state...

National or international item

1 July 1847

A British government enquiry into the state of education in Wales by commissioners R. R. W. Lingen , Jellynger C. Symons , and H. R. Vaughan Johnson presented a report in three massive volumes.
“The Blue Books of 1847”. Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.

July 1847: Feargus O'Connor, the only Chartist Member...

National or international item

July 1847

Feargus O'Connor , the only Chartist Member of Parliament ever, was returned for Nottingham at a general election in which Chartism was an important issue.
Royle, Edward. Chartism. Longman, 1980.
42, 134

Caroline Clive: By 3 July 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Clive

By 3 July 1847

As V., CC published her poem The Queen's Ball.
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.

Georgiana Fullerton: By 3 July 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Georgiana Fullerton

By 3 July 1847

GF published her second novel, Grantley Manor: A Tale, in three volumes.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1027 (3 July 1847): 695

Emily Brontë: Mid-July 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Emily Brontë

Mid-July 1847

Anne and EB arranged with Thomas Newby to publish Agnes Grey and Wuthering Heights; they had to pay him £50 towards costs.
Barker, Juliet. The Brontës. St Martin’s Press, 1994.
525

Elizabeth Barrett Browning: 20 July 1847

Women writers item

20 July 1847

After three months in Florence, EBB settled at Casa Guidi, an apartment in a palazzo. It remained her permanent home for the remainder of her life.
Forster, Margaret. Elizabeth Barrett Browning: A Biography. Grafton, 1990.
212, 221

Antoinette Brown Blackwell: August 1847

Writing climate item

August 1847

Antoinette Brown, later ABB , graduated from the Ladies Literary Course at Oberlin Collegiate Institute .
Cazden, Elizabeth. Antoinette Brown Blackwell. Feminist Press, 1983.
32

Lucie Duff Gordon: August 1847

Women writers item
Author event in Lucie Duff Gordon

August 1847

LDG and her family travelled abroad. They visited France, Belgium, and Bohemia (later called Czechoslovakia) before their return two months later.
Frank, Katherine. Lucie Duff Gordon: A Passage to Egypt. Hamish Hamilton, 1994.
148-9

Catherine Gore : Later 1847

Writing climate item
Author event in Catherine Gore

Later 1847

Henry Colburn exploited the publicity created by the association of CG 's Mrs. Armytage with a sensational murder: it is said that he promptly re-issued the novel.
The catalogues of the British Library and Bodleian

August 1847: As a result of the famine, three million...

National or international item

August 1847

As a result of the famine, three million Irish were being served by government-sponsored soup kitchens; the programme was halted without notice in September, forcing 200,000 into workhouses.
Adelman, Paul. Great Britain and the Irish Question 1800-1922. Hodder and Stoughton, 1996.
62-3