1187 results Occupation

Josephine Butler

JB threw herself into social work of all kinds, aiming to assist those less fortunate than herself. She began by visiting and examining oakum sheds, in which women, both prison inmates and creatures driven by hunger, destitution, or vice, begging for a few nights' shelter and a piece of bread, laboured.
Butler, Josephine, and James, 1843 - 1913 Stuart. Josephine E. Butler: An Autobiographical Memoir. Editors Johnson, George W. and Lucy A. Johnson, 3rd ed., J. W. Arrowsmith, 1928.
44
Oakum, the tarred fibre used to fill joins in wooden ships, was made by unpicking old ropes and mixing the result with tar. This was notoriously unpleasant work, a staple of penal sentences to hard labour.
She and her husband began taking destitute women (usually former prostitutes) into their home. When space began to run short, they founded the House of Rest, a hospital and refuge for women.
Butler, Josephine, and James, 1843 - 1913 Stuart. Josephine E. Butler: An Autobiographical Memoir. Editors Johnson, George W. and Lucy A. Johnson, 3rd ed., J. W. Arrowsmith, 1928.
44-6
JB collaborated with Jessie Boucherett to improve employment opportunities for women. In 1868 she and Elizabeth Elmy became co-secretaries for the Married Women's Property Committee (which had been founded in December 1855 and had now become active in a new campaign for changing the law). Lydia Becker acted as treasurer.
Caine, Barbara. Victorian Feminists. Oxford University Press, 1992.
168
Jordan, Jane. Josephine Butler. John Murray, 2001.
88

Lady Colin Campbell

During the 1870s the future LCC developed a passion for art. She went on to become a close associate of some of the most famous artists of the day.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Much of her journalistic career drew on her connections with the Victorian art scene. In her youth, she and her father were familiar figures at exhibitions and art sales in both Paris and London, and were friends of Sir Frederic Burton , the Irish painter who was now Director of the National Gallery in London.
Jordan, Anne. Love Well the Hour: The Life of Lady Colin Campbell (1857-1911). Troubador Publishing Ltd., 2010.
12

May Cannan

A VAD

Charlotte Charke

CC made her stage debut, as Madamoiselle in Vanbrugh 's Provok'd Wife, by personal request of the leading actress Anne Oldfield , and for Oldfield's benefit night.
The London Stage 1660-1800. Southern Illinois University Press, 1960–1968, 5 vols.
3: 48
Baruth, Philip E. “Who Is Charlotte Charke?”. Introducing Charlotte Charke: Actress, Author, Enigma, edited by Philip E. Baruth, University of Illinois Press, 1998, pp. 9-62.
17

Gillian Clarke

Between receiving her BA degree and getting married, Gillian Williams (later GC ) worked as a news researcher for the BBC in London.
“Contemporary Authors”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Centre-LRC.

Mary Cowden Clarke

On returning from France, Mary Novello (later MCC ) took up her intended profession
Clarke, Mary Cowden. My Long Life. Dodd, Mead, 1896.
34
in the position of governess for the Purcell family. She was responsible for five children, the eldest only two years younger than herself. She scored a great hit with her charges for the plays she composed and performed in their dolls' theatre, but (being used to such high standards) she always worried that her piano teaching and playing might not be good enough. Her salary was twenty pounds a year, and when she received a five-pound note for her first quarter's pay she slept all night with it under her pillow, before receiving special permission for a day off in which to take her earnings home to her mother.
Clarke, Mary Cowden. My Long Life. Dodd, Mead, 1896.
34-7, 40

Clara Codd

To help support her family, CC found work teaching English and music. She also travelled across Switzerland and France as an accompanist and costume model.
Codd, Clara. So Rich a Life. Caxton Limited, 1951.
11, 13
A few years later she spent some time in Ireland working as a governess.
Codd, Clara. So Rich a Life. Caxton Limited, 1951.
32

Marie Corelli

MC , advertised as Signorina Marie Corelli, gave a pianoforte improvisation to an invited audience in London.
Masters, Brian. Now Barabbas Was a Rotter. H. Hamilton, 1978.
48
Mitchell, Sally, editor. Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland Press, 1988.
Ransom, Teresa. The Mysterious Miss Marie Corelli: Queen of Victorian Bestsellers. Sutton, 1999.
25-6

Jeni Couzyn

Following her graduation, JC taught drama for a year in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). In 1965 she took up a position as producer for the African Music and Drama Association in Johannesburg.
“Contemporary Authors”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Centre-LRC.
Hobsbaum, Philip. “Jeni Couzyn”. Contemporary Poets, edited by Thomas Riggs, 6th ed, St. James Press, 1996, pp. 196-8.
196

Clemence Dane

At the age of sixteen, CD took a year out from her education to teach French in Geneva.
Morgan, Fidelis, editor. The Years Between: Plays by Women on the London Stage 1900-1950. Virago, 1994.
61
Weintraub, Stanley, editor. Dictionary of Literary Biography 10. Gale Research, 1982.
10: 134
Demastes, William W., and Katherine E. Kelly, editors. British Playwrights, 1880-1956. Greenwood Press, 1996.
97

Rebecca Harding Davis

During the twelve years between her graduation and her first flush of success as a writer with Life in the Iron-Mills, RHD lived at home, helping her mother to manage the household and to school her younger siblings. Also during these years she honed her journalism skills at the Wheeling Intelligencer.
Harris, Sharon M. Rebecca Harding Davis and American Realism. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
23-5

E. M. Delafield

Edmée de la Pasture (later EMD ) worked for the Exeter Voluntary Aid Hospital in Devon as a VAD worker, earning her first salary, at one pound a week.
Powell, Violet. The Life of a Provincial Lady. Heinemann, 1988.
32

Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire

As a duchess, Georgiana became a dazzling leader of fashion and of charititable activity. She followed her mother in the patronage of women's writing particularly. Anne Penny , to take one example, published a poem to her as the Genius of Britain in her volume of 1771;
Penny, Anne, b. 1729. Poems, with a Dramatic Entertainment. Printed for the author, and sold by J. Dodsley, P. Elmsly, T. Davis, and F. Newbery, 1771.
167
Georgiana and her mother both subscribed to Penny's volume of 1780.

George Douglas

Having entered in haste on her vocation as a nun, GD proceeded painfully first to waver in it, then to repent of it. She received permission to spend some time outside the convent at the time of her eldest brother's marriage on 22 February 1866.
Roberts, Brian. The Mad Bad Line. Hamish Hamilton, 1981.
51
After that she entered a period of doubt and despair, and some time in the early 1870s, after about a decade in the convent, she had her vows annulled by the Pope.
Roberts, Brian. The Mad Bad Line. Hamish Hamilton, 1981.
122

Sara Jeanette Duncan

After this she spent some time teaching in Brantford, but she still had her eye firmly on journalism.
Fowler, Marian. Redney: A Life of Sara Jeannette Duncan. Anansi, 1983.
50

Ketaki Kushari Dyson

After finishing her BA degree at Oxford , KKD returned to Calcutta to teach at Jadavpur University for one year.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Dyson, Ketaki Kushari. “Forging a Bilingual Identity: A Writer’s Testimony”. Bilingual Women: Anthropological Approaches to Second Language Use, edited by Pauline Burton et al., Berg, 1994, pp. 170-85.
175

T. S. Eliot

To earn a living for himself and his wife, Eliot became a schoolteacher, a prolific reviewer, an extension lecturer for London University , and the literary editor of the avant-garde magazine The Egoist.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Sarah Stickney Ellis

SSE spent much time nursing and worrying about her many sisters, nieces, and other relations who suffered serious illnesses.
Schlueter, Paul, and June Schlueter, editors. An Encyclopedia of British Women Writers. Garland, 1988.
Ellis, Sarah Stickney. The Home Life and Letters of Mrs. Ellis. J. Nisbet, 1893.
passim

Margaret Fell

This female household practised a pattern of charitable giving which paid particular attention to the needs of poor women. At the initial gathering of the Swarthmoor Women's Monthly Meeting , on 23 October 1671, the first item of business was to take up a collection for the poor. On one occasion MF paid the fines levied on some fellow-Quakers for speaking at a prohibited meeting, only to have them return the money, preferring to pay it themselves.
Kunze, Bonnelyn Young. Margaret Fell and the Rise of Quakerism. Macmillan, 1994.
83ff, 141, 156

Charlotte Yonge

Academics such as E. A. Freeman and J. R. Green sought her historical expertise, and asked for her help in a history textbook series.
Hayter, Alethea. Charlotte Yonge. Northcote House, 1996.
40

Rosita Forbes

From shortly before the armistice at the end of the First World War, and for further months thereafter, RF was an ambulance-driver for the Société de secours aux blessés militaires . She enjoyed the work, partly because for her pleasure was still closely linked with service.
Forbes, Rosita. Gypsy in the Sun. Cassell, 1944.
13
She was twice decorated for gallantry.
“The Times Digital Archive 1785-2007”. Thompson Gale: The Times Digital Archive.
(4 July 1967): 12
She then went to Paris at the time of the peace conference, intending to find work there.
Forbes, Rosita. Gypsy in the Sun. Cassell, 1944.
13

Isabella Ormston Ford

IOF rose to prominence as a Trade Union organizer during a period of labour unrest in Leeds in 1888-90. She helped to organize striking weavers in 1888, and maintained a leadership role in the lengthy strike of women tailors in 1889. In 1890 and 1891 she took part in the Millingham mills dispute in nearby Bradford.
Hannam, June. Isabella Ford. Basil Blackwell, 1989.
xi
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Her key roles were that of leader, conciliator, and organizer. She often sought to reconcile conflicting views to maintain labour unity.
Hannam, June. Isabella Ford. Basil Blackwell, 1989.
40

Pamela Frankau

PF declined to try for university. She wished to earn a living. The thought of university life presented a protraction of school, an unfamiliar school where all the children were grown-up.
Frankau, Pamela. I Find Four People. I. Nicholson and Watson, 1935.
38-9
At seventeen, after a year living at home, she went to work.

Antonia Fraser

Between school and university Antonia Pakenham (later AF ) worked at various jobs: as typist in an accounts department and serving behind the counter in the hats department of Fenwick's department store in London.
Wroe, Nicholas. “The history woman”. The Guardian, 24 Aug. 2002, pp. 16-19.
18

Kate Parry Frye

After seeing Pinero 's Trelawney of the Wells, KPF recorded in her diary her longing, if only she had talent, to have a try at the one profession I love the best—going on the stage. Her efforts that way began with bit parts at various venues around the London suburbs with the Ben Greet Players . In a month by this means, with sixteen performances, she earned just one pound. Her first proper professional engagement (a speaking part consisting of just one word) involved touring with a production of J. M. Barrie 's Quality Street, not only in the London area but to Birmingham, Blackpool, Liverpool, Dublin, Belfast, Bristol, and Brighton, staying in digs which contrasted sharply with her elegant home surroundings, several of them with outdoor toilets. Other tours followed.
Crawford, Elizabeth, and Kate Parry Frye. The Great War: The People’s Story—Kate Parry Frye: The Long Life of an Edwardian Actress and Suffragette. ITV, 2014.