Josephine Butler

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Standard Name: Butler, Josephine
Birth Name: Josephine Elizabeth Grey
Married Name: Josephine Elizabeth Butler
Used Form: an English mother
Used Form: the author of the Memoir of John Grey of Dilston
Social reformer JB is primarily remembered for her unrelenting efforts in the campaign against the Contagious Diseases Acts during the second half of the nineteenth century. She was both a gifted orator and a prolific writer on the many causes she espoused. Author of nearly forty pamphlets, she also composed books of political and personal writings: essays, biographies of people whose lives influenced her own, and an autobiography. Almost all of her writings address questions of social and political import—the repeal campaign, the double sexual standard, women's rights, and religious issues.
Petrie, Glen. A Singular Iniquity: The Campaigns of Josephine Butler. Macmillan, 1971.
291-3
Photograph of a charcoal sketch of Josephine Butler, depicted from the side with her head turned towards the viewer. Her hair is pulled back loosely and she is wearing a simple dress.

Connections

Connections Author name Excerpt
Anthologization Jessie Boucherett
JB 's essay How to Provide for Superfluous Women appeared in Josephine Butler 's Woman's Work and Woman's Culture.
Hays, Frances. Women of the Day. Chatto and Windus, 1885.
26
Anthologization Sophia Jex-Blake
At the request of her publisher Macmillan, SJB contributed an essay on Medicine as a Profession for Women to Josephine Butler 's Woman's Work and Woman's Culture. She was friendly with Butler and...
Dedications Dora Greenwell
One of DG 's most popular works appeared, a volume of religious essays titled The Patience of Hope, dedicated to Josephine Butler ; she referred to herself allusively as the author of A Present...
Education Sarah Grand
Her attendance was made possible by a bequest left to her by a great-aunt.
Grand, Sarah. “Introduction; Chronology”. Sex, Social Purity and Sarah Grand: Volume 2, edited by Stephanie Forward, Routledge, 2000, pp. 1 - 12; 13.
13
SG was not happy at either school, and she describes her experience there as one of deadly dulness.
Grand, Sarah. Sex, Social Purity and Sarah Grand: Volume 1. Editor Heilmann, Ann, Routledge, 2000.
194
Family and Intimate relationships Isabella Ormston Ford
Emily, born five years ahead of Isabella in 1850, attended the Slade School of Art in the late 1870s and became a painter well-known in the Leeds community. Like IOF , she also became a...
Family and Intimate relationships Annie Besant
AB 's husband took up a post as an assistant mathematics master at Cheltenham College , a public school for boys in Gloucestershire.
Josephine Butler had moved from Cheltenham just before AB 's arrival.
Taylor, Anne, 1932 -. Annie Besant: A Biography. Oxford University Press, 1992.
29
Taylor, Anne, 1932 -. Annie Besant: A Biography. Oxford University Press, 1992.
28-9
Friends, Associates Frances Power Cobbe
FPC was a friend of Emily Faithfull , Geraldine Jewsbury , and Rosa Bonheur , and she knew Josephine Butler , Augusta Webster , Lady Battersea , Emily Pfeiffer , Anne Thackeray Ritchie , Helen Taylor
Friends, Associates Millicent Garrett Fawcett
Through this work MGF met Josephine Butler , whom she greatly admired.
Friends, Associates Isabella Ormston Ford
Through her mother's connection with the women's movement of the mid-Victorian period, IOF met Millicent Garrett Fawcett and her sister Agnes Garrett , with whom Isabella and her sister Bessie became close friends and correspondents...
Friends, Associates Dora Greenwell
In Lancashire she became friendly with Josephine Butler .
Bett, Henry. Dora Greenwell. Epworth Press, 1950.
16
Dorling, William. Memoirs of Dora Greenwell. James Clarke, 1885.
32
Friends, Associates Julia Wedgwood
As a direct result of such work, she became a friend of such women as Josephine Butler and Frances Power Cobbe .
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Friends, Associates Maria Grey
Her work for women's education brought MG into contact with Dorothea Beale , Emily Davies , Mary Carpenter , and Mary Gurney . Her time in Italy brought her other friends, among them the operatic...
Friends, Associates Jessie Boucherett
Partly through her membership of the Kensington Society (a social and political discussion group of about fifty women inaugurated in 1865), JB broadened her acquaintance with significant members of the feminist movement, including Frances Power Cobbe
Intertextuality and Influence Mary Stott
Here MS writes grippingly of her own life, and illuminatingly about myriad subjects of public or cultural interest: the lives, customs, and deaths of newspapers, the conspiracy of silence about sex which had not dissipated...
Leisure and Society Algernon Charles Swinburne
Stories of ACS 's extreme drinking habits and talk of his immoral personal life (largely sparked by the scandal associated with his publications) spread. Though many tales were untrue, he is said to have sometimes...

Timeline

1866: Anne Jemima Clough and Josephine Butler founded...

Building item

1866

Anne Jemima Clough and Josephine Butler founded the Liverpool Ladies' Educational Society to provide a serious course of lectures for women.
Borer, Mary Cathcart. Willingly to School: A History of Women’s Education. Lutterworth Press, 1976.
285
McWilliams-Tullberg, Rita. Women at Cambridge. Gollancz, 1975.
51-3

1867: The Liverpool Ladies' Educational Society...

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1867

The Liverpool Ladies' Educational Society expanded to become the North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women .
Stephen, Barbara. Emily Davies and Girton College. Constable, 1927.
188
Levine, Philippa. Victorian Feminism 1850-1900. Hutchinson, 1987.
44
Borer, Mary Cathcart. Willingly to School: A History of Women’s Education. Lutterworth Press, 1976.
285

1868: Anne Jemima Clough organised Lectures for...

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1868

Anne Jemima Clough organised Lectures for Ladies throughout Northern England.
Herstein, Sheila R. A Mid-Victorian Feminist: Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon. Yale University Press, 1985.
180
Borer, Mary Cathcart. Willingly to School: A History of Women’s Education. Lutterworth Press, 1976.
285

January 1869: The Kettledrum: The Woman's Signal for Action,...

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January 1869

The Kettledrum: The Woman's Signal for Action, a feminist magazine, began publication in London by merger with Woman's World.
Doughan, David, and Denise Sanchez. Feminist Periodicals, 1855-1984. Harvester Press, 1987.
4
White, Cynthia L. Women’s Magazines 1693-1968. Michael Joseph, 1970.
48
Solo: Search Oxford University Libraries Online. 18 July 2011, http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=OXVU1&fromLogin=true&reset_config=true.

June 1869: The Kettledrum: The Woman's Signal for Action...

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June 1869

The Kettledrum: The Woman's Signal for Action ended publication in London in its current form.
Doughan, David, and Denise Sanchez. Feminist Periodicals, 1855-1984. Harvester Press, 1987.
4
White, Cynthia L. Women’s Magazines 1693-1968. Michael Joseph, 1970.
48

December 1869: The Ladies' National Association for the...

National or international item

December 1869

The Ladies' National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts was formed as part of the movement to repeal the Contagious Diseases Acts.
Walkowitz, Judith R. ’We Are Not Beasts of the Field’: Prostitution and the Campaign Against the Contagious Diseases Acts, 1869-1886. University of Rochester, 1974.
115
Walkowitz, Judith R. Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State. Cambridge University Press, 1980.
93

31 December 1869: The Daily News published the Ladies' Protest,...

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31 December 1869

The Daily News published the Ladies' Protest, a document signed by 124 women which outlined their arguments for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts.
Walkowitz, Judith R. Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State. Cambridge University Press, 1980.
93
Martineau, Harriet. Harriet Martineau on Women. Editor Yates, Gayle Graham, Rutgers University Press, 1985.
267

1870: The National Association for the Promotion...

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1870

The National Association for the Promotion of Social Purity was founded to ensure purity as the law of individual and social life.
Hunt, Alan. Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
157
Hunt, Alan. Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
157
“Guide to Sources: Archives, Libraries and Museums”. Genesis: Developing Access to Women’s History Sources in the British Isles.

26 February 1870: Josephine Butler wrote to the Dover News...

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26 February 1870

Josephine Butler wrote to the Dover News complaining of a conspiracy of silence
Walkowitz, Judith R. ’We Are Not Beasts of the Field’: Prostitution and the Campaign Against the Contagious Diseases Acts, 1869-1886. University of Rochester, 1974.
117
emanating from London papers regarding the controversial Contagious Diseases Acts.
Walkowitz, Judith R. ’We Are Not Beasts of the Field’: Prostitution and the Campaign Against the Contagious Diseases Acts, 1869-1886. University of Rochester, 1974.
117
Walkowitz, Judith R. ’We Are Not Beasts of the Field’: Prostitution and the Campaign Against the Contagious Diseases Acts, 1869-1886. University of Rochester, 1974.
117

7 March 1870: The Shield, Josephine Butler's periodical...

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7 March 1870

The Shield, Josephine Butler 's periodical organ of the anti-Contagious Diseases Act forces, began publication in South Shields.
Doughan, David, and Denise Sanchez. Feminist Periodicals, 1855-1984. Harvester Press, 1987.
5
Mitchell, Sally, editor. Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland Press, 1988.
655-6

1871: The Ladies' National Association for the...

National or international item

1871

The Ladies' National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts had 57 branches and 811 subscribing members in this year.
Walkowitz, Judith R. Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State. Cambridge University Press, 1980.
93

From March 1871: The Vigilance Association for the Defence...

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From March 1871

The Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights, especially in relation to Women , founded this month, advocated equality of legal treatment for citizens regardless of sex or class.
Petrow, Stefan. Policing Morals: The Metropolitan Police and the Home Office 1870-1914. Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 343.
22-3, 122, 125
Prochaska, F. K. Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England. Clarendon, 1980.
214

1872: Samuel Butler anonymously published, at his...

Writing climate item

1872

Samuel Butler anonymously published, at his own expense, his satirical novel Erewhon.
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.
151-2, 323
Howsam, Leslie. Kegan Paul—A Victorian Imprint. Kegan Paul; University of Toronto Press, 1998.
142-3
Cox, Michael, editor. The Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2 vols.

: Female Contagious Diseases Acts repealers...

National or international item

Autumn 1872

Female Contagious Diseases Acts repealers were attacked in Pontefract, as they held a meeting to organize electoral lobbying.
Walkowitz, Judith R. Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State. Cambridge University Press, 1980.
106-8
Butler, Josephine. Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade. Hyperion Press, 1989.
45-50

1873: The National Association for the Promotion...

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1873

The National Association for the Promotion of Social Purity (founded in 1870) was reborn as the Social Purity Alliance under the direction of Josephine Butler .
Prochaska, F. K. Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England. Clarendon, 1980.
216
Hunt, Alan. Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
157-8

Texts

Butler, Josephine. A Letter to the Mothers of England. 1881.
Butler, Josephine. “A Letter to the Mothers of England”. The Campaigners: Women and Sexuality, edited by Marie Mulvey Roberts and Tamae Mizuta, Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1994.
Butler, Josephine. An Appeal to the People of England on the Recognition and Superintendence of Prostitution by Governments. Frederick Banks, 1870.
Butler, Josephine. “An Appeal to the People of England on the Recognition and Superintendence of Prostitution by Governments”. The Sexuality Debates, edited by Sheila Jeffreys and Sheila Jeffreys, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987, pp. 111-50.
Butler, Josephine. Catharine of Siena. Dyer Brothers, 1878.
Wedgwood, Julia. “Female Suffrage, Considered Chiefly with Regard to its Indirect Results”. Women’s Work and Women’s Culture, edited by Josephine Butler, Macmillan, 1869.
Butler, Josephine. Government by Police. Dyer Brothers, 1879.
Boucherett, Jessie. “How to Provide for Superfluous Women”. Woman’s Work and Woman’s Culture, edited by Josephine Butler, Macmillan, 1869, pp. 27-48.
Butler, Josephine. In Memoriam: Harriet Meuricoffre. Marshall and Son, 1901.
Butler, Josephine, and James, 1843 - 1913 Stuart. Josephine E. Butler: An Autobiographical Memoir. Editors Johnson, George W. and Lucy A. Johnson, J. W. Arrowsmith, 1909.
Butler, Josephine, and James, 1843 - 1913 Stuart. Josephine E. Butler: An Autobiographical Memoir. Editors Johnson, George W. and Lucy A. Johnson, 3rd ed., J. W. Arrowsmith, 1928.
Butler, Josephine. Legislative Restrictions on the Industry of Women. Matthews and Sons, 1874.
Jex-Blake, Sophia. “Medicine as a Profession for Women”. Woman’s Work and Woman’s Culture, edited by Josephine Butler, Macmillan, 1869, pp. 78-120.
Butler, Josephine. Memoir of John Grey of Dilston. Edmonston and Douglas, 1869.
Butler, Josephine. Mrs. Butler’s Appeal to the Women of America. The Philanthropist, 1888.
Butler, Josephine. Native Races and the War. Gay and Bird, 1900.
Butler, Josephine. “Native Races and the War, 1900”. Indiana University: Victorian Women Writers Project.
Butler, Josephine, editor. Now-a-Days. 1-2.
Butler, Josephine. Our Christianity Tested by the Irish Question. T. Fisher Unwin, 1887.
Butler, Josephine. Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade. H. Marshall and Son, 1896.
Butler, Josephine. Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade. Hyperion Press, 1989.
Butler, Josephine. Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade. Cambridge University Press, 2010, http://www.cambridge.org/series/sSeries.asp?code=CLOR.
Butler, Josephine. Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade. Cambridge University Press, 2010, http://www.cambridge.org/series/sSeries.asp?code=CLOR.
Stuart, James, 1843 - 1913 et al. “Preface and Editorial Materials”. Josephine E. Butler: An Autobiographical Memoir, edited by George W. Johnson and Lucy A. Johnson, J. W. Arrowsmith, 1928, p. v - vii; various pages.
Butler, Josephine. “Prefatory Biographical Note”. Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade, Hyperion Press, 1989, p. xi - xvi.