Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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13 February 1857: Lord Brougham introduced an unsuccessful...

National or international item

13 February 1857

Lord Brougham introduced an unsuccessful Married Women's Property Bill to the House of Lords .
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England. Princeton University Press, 1989.
45
Holcombe, Lee. Wives and Property: Reform of the Married Women’s Property Law in Nineteenth-Century England. University of Toronto Press, 1983.
253

Elizabeth Gaskell: 22 February 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Gaskell

22 February 1857

EG , wearied from a long year spent writing her biography of Charlotte Brontë , arrived in Rome for a holiday; she returned there several times in the next few years.
Uglow, Jennifer S. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber, 1993.
415-17

A. Mary F. Robinson: 27 February 1857

Women writers item
Author event in A. Mary F. Robinson

27 February 1857

AMFR was born at Leamington Spa in Warwickshire, the elder of two daughters.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Cecil Frances Alexander : 28 February 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Cecil Frances Alexander

28 February 1857

CFA gave birth to her first daughter, Eleanor Jane Alexander , at Fahan, Donegal; she had another difficult delivery.
Wallace, Valerie. Mrs. Alexander: A Life of the Hymn-Writer, Cecil Frances Alexander, 1818-1895. Lilliput, 1995.
119

Margaret Oliphant: By 28 February 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Margaret Oliphant

By 28 February 1857

MO , as the author of Margaret Maitland, published The Days of My Life. An Autobiography, which is in fact a novel whose female narrator undergoes some experience related to that of her...

4 March 1857: The Peace of Paris ended the Anglo-Persian...

National or international item

4 March 1857

The Peace of Paris ended the Anglo-Persian War.
Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry. Historical Tables: 58 BC-AD 1985. 11th ed., Garland Publishing, 1986.
202
Cook, Chris, and John, 1946 - Stevenson. The Longman Handbook of Modern British History, 1714-1995. 3rd ed., Longman, 1996.
289

Emily Jane Pfeiffer: By 7 March 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Emily Jane Pfeiffer

By 7 March 1857

EJP published, as Mrs. Pfeiffer, her prose tale or fantasy, Valisneria; or, A Midsummer Day's Dream.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1532 (1857): 308

9 March 1857: The Penal Servitude Act of 1853 link to 1853...

National or international item

9 March 1857

The Penal Servitude Act of 1853 was amended.
Emsley, Clive. Crime and Society in England 1750-1900. 2nd ed., Longman, 1996.
277
The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Printed by J. Bentham, 1762–2026.

Elizabeth Strutt: By 14 March 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Strutt

By 14 March 1857

ES published, with her name, The Feminine Soul, Its Nature and Attributes, With Thoughts upon Marriage, and Friendly Hints upon Feminine Duties.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1533 (1857): 341

22 March 1857: The death by arsenic poisoning of her lover,...

Building item

22 March 1857

The death by arsenic poisoning of her lover, shipping clerk Emile L'Angelier , led to the prominent trial for murder of Madeleine Smith , daughter of an affluent Glasgow architect.
Hartman, Mary S. Victorian Murderesses. Schocken Books, 1977.
52-4, 82-3

Edna Lyall: 25 March 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Edna Lyall

25 March 1857

Ada Ellen Bayly (who later wrote as EL ) was born at 5 Montpelier Villas, Brighton, the youngest of her family.
Escreet, J. M. The Life of Edna Lyall. Longmans, Green and Co., 1904.
3
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Ella Hepworth Dixon: 27 March 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Ella Hepworth Dixon

27 March 1857

EHD was born at Essex Villa, Queens Road, Marylebone.
The year of her birth has often been wrongly given as 1855.
Dixon, Ella Hepworth. “Introduction”. The Story of a Modern Woman, edited by Steve Farmer, Broadview, 2004, pp. 9-39.
37
Sutherland, John, b. 1938. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press, 1989.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Elizabeth Gaskell: 27 March 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Gaskell

27 March 1857

EG published (using her own name for the first time) her influential and exhaustively researched The Life of Charlotte Brontë; initial reviews were positive, but the possibility of a libel suit brewed.
Uglow, Jennifer S. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber, 1993.
424, 426

Clara Balfour: By 28 March 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Clara Balfour

By 28 March 1857

CB published The Burnish Family, a novel selected by the Scottish Temperance League as the best Temperance Tale.
Balfour, Clara. The Burnish Family. Scottish Temperance League, 1857.
vi
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
1535 (28 March 1857): 405

Anthony Trolllope: By late March 1857

Writing climate item
Author event in Anthony Trolllope

By late March 1857

AT remained with the publisher Longman for this second novel in Chronicles of Barsetshire, titled Barchester Towers from the cathedral.
Sutherland, John, b. 1938. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press, 1989.
42
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
1535 (28 March 1857) 395

Isabella Beeton: April 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Isabella Beeton

April 1857

Eight months after she married Samuel Beeton , the first of IB 's regular columns appeared in the Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine.
Freeman, Sarah. Isabella and Sam: The Story of Mrs Beeton. Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1977.
132, 134

Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon: April 1857

Women writers item

April 1857

Barbara Leigh Smith became engaged to Eugène Bodichon .
Herstein, Sheila R. A Mid-Victorian Feminist: Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon. Yale University Press, 1985.
112
Ashton, Rosemary. George Eliot: A Life. Hamish Hamilton, 1996.
124

Elizabeth Rigby: April 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Rigby

April 1857

ER anonymously published her essay Photography in the Quarterly Review, heralding photography as a new language.
Rigby, Elizabeth. “Photography”. Prose by Victorian Women, edited by Andrea Broomfield and Sally Mitchell, Garland, 1996, pp. 138-65.
139
Houghton, Walter E., and Jean Harris Slingerland, editors. The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824-1900. University of Toronto Press, 1966–1989, 5 vols.
1: 740
Newhall, Beaumont, editor. “Introduction; Editorial Materials”. Photography: Essays & Images, Museum of Modern Art, 1980, pp. 9 - 12; various pages.
81

Bessie Rayner Parkes : April 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Bessie Rayner Parkes

April 1857

BRP was appointed as editor of the English Woman's Journal, shortly before Barbara Leigh Smith began to assist the magazine financially.
Rendall, Jane. “A Moral Engine? Feminism, Liberalism and the English Womans JournalEqual or Different: Womens Politics 1800-1914, edited by Jane Rendall, Basil Blackwell, 1987, pp. 112-38.
115

Matilda Hays: Possibly early 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Matilda Hays

Possibly early 1857

MH and Charlotte Cushman returned once more to Italy, where this year their relationship finally ended.
Merrill, Lisa. When Romeo Was a Woman. University of Michigan Press, 1999.
181-2

Jessie White Mario: April 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Jessie White Mario

April 1857

Jessie White (later JWM ) was still touring England, giving lectures to aid the cause of Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini .
Daniels, Elizabeth Adams. Jessie White Mario: Risorgimento Revolutionary. Ohio University Press, 1972.
54

1 April 1857: Herman Melville's last novel, The Confidence-Man:...

Writing climate item

1 April 1857

Herman Melville 's last novel, The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade, appeared.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1537: 462-3
Melville, Herman. “Foreword”. The Confidence-Man, edited by Hershel Parker, Norton, 1971, p. ix - xi.
ix
The Life and Works of Herman Melville. http://www.melville.org/.
“Dictionary of Literary Biography online”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Center-LRC.
250

Jane Francesca, Lady Wilde: 2 April 1857

Women writers item

2 April 1857

Jane Francesca Wilde (Speranza) gave birth to her third child, a daughter named Isola Francesca Emily .
Ellmann, Richard. Oscar Wilde. Knopf, 1988.
16

4 April 1857: The Times declared Madeleine Smith to be...

Building item

4 April 1857

The Times declared Madeleine Smith to be possibly guilty of the murder of Emile L'Angelier , her lover.
Liggins, Emma. “The Evil Days of the Female Murderer: Subverted Marriage Plots and the Avoidance of Scandal in the Victorian Sensation Novel”. Journal of Victorian Culture, Vol.
2
, No. 1, 1997, pp. 27-41.
29, 30, 32, 33

Frances Power Cobbe: By 9 April 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Frances Power Cobbe

By 9 April 1857

FPC had sent to press her anonymous An Essay on Intuitive Morals, Being an Attempt to Popularize Ethical Science, Part II: Practice of Morals. It was reprinted in 1864 with her name.
Mitchell, Sally. Frances Power Cobbe: Victorian Feminist, Journalist, Reformer. University of Virginia Press, 2004.
81
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.