1187 results Occupation

Anna Kingsford

AK owned and edited The Lady's Own Paper, published in London, until she was accepted to study medicine at the medical school in Paris in April 1874.
Pert, Alan. Red Cactus: The Life of Anna Kingsford. Books and Writers, 2006.
57
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Rudyard Kipling

He worked for five years in Lahore (then in India, now in Pakistan) as assistant editor at the Civil and Military Gazette (to which both his parents contributed and whose editor was Arthur Cory , father of the writers Victoria Cross and Laurence Hope ). His reputation as a journalist began to grow almost immediately, and during these years his first several collections of short stories were published. His second job as a journalist in India was with the Gazette's larger sister journal the Pioneer, published at Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.
“Contemporary Authors”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Centre-LRC.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Ellis Cornelia Knight

Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte

Mary Lamb, 1764 - 1847

As a seamstress or needlewoman, ML worked at home, earning barely enough to support a single person.
Burton, Sarah. A Double Life: A Biography of Charles and Mary Lamb. Viking, 2003.
74
She toiled around fourteen hours a day for eleven years
Aaron, Jane. A Double Singleness. Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, 1991.
73, 69
attempting to make an independent living in a hopelessly overstocked and consequently under-priced market.
Aaron, Jane. A Double Singleness. Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, 1991.
73
(She later expressed her opinions on her labour-intensive and often tedious trade
Burton, Sarah. A Double Life: A Biography of Charles and Mary Lamb. Viking, 2003.
39
in an essay entitled On Needle-Work.) She also took care of her mother, who was physically incapacitated and needed constant care.

Marghanita Laski

After graduating from Somerville , ML began working as a journalist. During the war she held a succession of jobs, in publishing, dairy farming, nursing, and intelligence work. After the war ended, she became a reader of texts for the Oxford English Dictionary. Her work for the OED was prodigious: she submitted at least 250,000 wordslips as examples of usage worthy of lexicographical record.
“Contemporary Authors”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Centre-LRC.

Caroline Leakey

Domestic Missionary

Q. D. Leavis

QDL did not begin teaching immediately after completing her degree, possibly because her husband was at an uncomfortable career stage (one of several) and needed all available students; possibly because of a shortage of work options for women supervisors. She took on many students in later years.
MacKillop, Ian. F.R. Leavis: A Life in Criticism. Allen Lane, 1995.
129

Charlotte Lennox

The fourteen-year-old Charlotte Ramsay apparently became Lady Isabella 's paid companion. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu later felt that her fictionalization of Lady Isabella showed extreme ingratitude.
Dalziel, Margaret, and Duncan Isles, editors. “Introduction, Chronology, and Appendix”. The Female Quixote, Oxford University Press, 1970.
xxi
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Editor Halsband, Robert, Clarendon Press, 1965–1967, 3 vols.
3: 8

Amy Levy

Drawing

Ling Shuhua

During the first year of their marriage, when she continued to write for publication, LS was employed by the Beijing Palace Museum 's painting and calligraphy divisions, where she worked in preservation and cataloguing. She was also a volunteer teacher in the Yanjing University 's art department.
Welland, Sasha Su-Ling. A Thousand Miles of Dreams: The Journeys of Two Chinese Sisters. Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
183

Eliza Lynn Linton

Eliza Lynn (later ELL ) became the first woman to be taken on as a salaried staff writer for a daily newspaper when she joined the Morning Chronicle in August 1848, at a salary of twenty guineas a month.
Anderson, Nancy F. Woman against Women in Victorian England. Indiana University Press, 1987.
52, 62
She gave up this job (apparently dismissed from it) in April 1851 as a result of a serious quarrel with the editor, John Douglas Cook , which may have been related to her novel Realities.
Layard, George Somes. Mrs. Lynn Linton: Her Life, Letters, and Opinions. Methuen, 1901.
60
“Dictionary of Literary Biography online”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Center-LRC.
18
Within a couple of years of leaving this high-profile job she had sunk back into virtual obscurity.
Broomfield, Andrea. “Much More Than an Antifeminist: Eliza Lynn Linton’s Contribution to the Rise of Victorian Popular Journalism”. Victorian Literature and Culture, Vol.
29
, No. 2, 2001, pp. 267-83.
268

Liz Lochhead

LL taught art for eight years at various schools (in Bristol, then in Glasgow, Baillieston, and Cumbernauld) while she was establishing herself as a writer.
Smith, Ali. “Liz Lochhead: Speaking in Her Own Voice”. Liz Lochhead’s Voices, edited by Robert Crawford and Anne Varty, Edinburgh University Press, 1993, pp. 1-16.
7, 13

Maria Theresa Longworth

Two years after their initial meeting, MTL travelled to Constantinople in order to nurse wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. Though she donned the uniform of the French Sisters of Charity , she did not officially become a member of the organization. She worked primarily at the St Benoit Convent.
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2025, 22 vols. plus supplements.
Rosenman, Ellen Bayuk. Unauthorized Pleasures. Cornell University Press, 2003.
124, 127
Erickson, Arvel B., and John R. McCarthy. “The Yelverton Case: Civil Legislation and Marriage”. Victorian Studies, Vol.
14
, 1971, pp. 275-91.
275

Constance Lytton

As a child CL had longed to use her undoubted skills to become a professional musician. Now she hoped that money troubles might open the way for her to become a journalist. She did in fact do some reviewing,
Lytton, Constance. Letters of Constance Lytton. Editor Balfour, Elizabeth Edith, Countess of, Heinemann, 1925.
27
and in 1893 she was offered by Earl Hodgson , and accepted, a position on the journal he edited, The Realm, for a salary of a hundred pounds a year. She felt invigorated by the work, rampantly well despite long days, inadequate lunches, and soaking in the rain. But she gave it up because she felt it kept her away from home too much.
Lytton, Constance. Letters of Constance Lytton. Editor Balfour, Elizabeth Edith, Countess of, Heinemann, 1925.
50
The next literary employment she declined would, she thought, have brought her £125 or £130 a year,
Lytton, Constance. Letters of Constance Lytton. Editor Balfour, Elizabeth Edith, Countess of, Heinemann, 1925.
51
but her wishes, finding no favour, had in each case eventually to be repressed.
Lytton, Constance. Prisons and Prisoners. Heinemann, 1914.
1
At times she suffered a crushing sense of the most nearly complete all-round failure,
Lytton, Constance. Letters of Constance Lytton. Editor Balfour, Elizabeth Edith, Countess of, Heinemann, 1925.
65
bearing in mind that in a family such as hers, with a strong tradition of public life, even a young unmarried woman was expected to have a broader range of activity. Disliking the pastimes of fashionable society, she allowed her life to narrow, while insisting that she had no gift for anything. By 1906 she had no inclination as well as no capacity for independence.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Lytton, Constance. Prisons and Prisoners. Heinemann, 1914.
1

Bathsua Makin

Though she was educated like a boy, Bathsua could not proceed as a boy would to enter university or apprentice to a trade. Instead she became a teacher in her father's school.
Teague, Frances. Bathsua Makin, Woman of Learning. Bucknell University Press, 1998.
32

Emma Marshall

Even after she had become a published author, EM continued to educate her young children herself. She enjoyed taking them throughMaria Callcott 's Little Arthur's History of England and teaching them to know by heart the hymns of Cecil Alexander .
Marshall, Beatrice. Emma Marshall. Seeley, 1900.
73

Karl Marx

KM is known as the founder of modern socialist thought. In 1842 he became editor of Neue Rheinische Zeitung (published in Cologne), and expressed his radical political views in the paper until it was suppressed. Following its closure, he travelled to Paris, where he began his collaboration with Friedrich Engels . Together they published works of political philosophy. In 1848 he returned (with Engels) to Cologne and revived his editorial newspaper work. Also that year, they published Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (The Manifesto of the Communist Party), a pamphlet calling for a class revolution.
“Dictionary of Literary Biography online”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Center-LRC.
129
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.
Evans, Richard J. The Penguin Dictionary of Nineteenth Century History. Editors Belchem, John and Richard Price, Penguin, 1996.
368

Susan Miles

The Robertses were succeeding a clergyman who also had liberal views. He had caused some offence by holding the funeral of Emily Davison , the suffragist who was killed on the Derby racecourse.
Miles, Susan. Portrait of a Parson. George Allen and Unwin, 1955.
56
Here William Roberts continued to support feminism and pacifism, and offered his church for use by striking dockers, by exiled Ethiopians (a service for which he received a letter of thanks from Sylvia Pankhurst ).
Miles, Susan. Portrait of a Parson. George Allen and Unwin, 1955.
56-7 and n
He always had one male and one female churchwarden, one male and one female sidesman (the latter at one time a gaily dressed chorus-girl with henna-tinted hair).
Miles, Susan. Portrait of a Parson. George Allen and Unwin, 1955.
63
From 1917 he served as chaplain to a London hospital for women and girls with venereal diseases—the Lock Hospital famous in the annals of prostitution and women's health—and altogether did much to support the work of Josephine Butler 's successors.
Miles, Susan. Portrait of a Parson. George Allen and Unwin, 1955.
65
Ursula Roberts refused to visit the parishioners (many of whom were wealthy) in the conventional manner, but probably worked as a volunteer at the hospital, and involved herself in advocacy for the poor as well as women. The couple failed to prevent the parish council from ejecting the street people living in the portico of the church (designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor ).
Miles, Susan. “Publisher’s Note”. Lettice Delmer, Persephone Books, 2002, p. v - xii.
x
qtd. in
Campbell, Peter. “Restoring St George’s”. London Review of Books, 20 Nov. 2003, pp. 18-20.
20

John Stuart Mill

In May 1823, his father's influence won JSM a position as a clerk for the East India Company . He worked there until his retirement in 1858, when the Crown took control of the company.
Mill, John Stuart, and John Jacob Coss. Autobiography. Columbia University Press, 1924.
57
Mitchell, Sally, editor. Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland Press, 1988.
503
The Concise Dictionary of National Biography: From Earliest Times to 1985. Oxford University Press, 1992, 3 vols.
At the same time he also worked as a journalist, writing for and editing several periodicals, as well as producing the works of philosophy, economics and political theory that made his name, many of them in collaboration with Harriet Taylor ..
Mill, John Stuart, and John Jacob Coss. Autobiography. Columbia University Press, 1924.
vii
Mitchell, Sally, editor. Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland Press, 1988.
503
Evans, Richard J. The Penguin Dictionary of Nineteenth Century History. Editors Belchem, John and Richard Price, Penguin, 1996.
385

Nancy Mitford

NM spent a month in Perpignan with her husband , driving a van and helping refugees from the Spanish Civil War.
Hastings, Selina. Nancy Mitford: A Biography. Hamish Hamilton, 1985.
116-18
Mitford, Nancy. “Critical Materials”. Love from Nancy: The Letters of Nancy Mitford, edited by Charlotte Mosley, Hodder and Stoughton, 1993, p. various pages.
80
Mitford, Nancy. Love from Nancy: The Letters of Nancy Mitford. Editor Mosley, Charlotte, Hodder and Stoughton, 1993.
79-80

Hannah More

HM 's first employment was what appeared to be marked out as her life's work: teaching in her sisters' school. She proved an excellent teacher, but gave up her share in the school after she became engaged to William Turner.
Jones, Mary Gwladys. Hannah More. Cambridge University Press, 1952.
15, 16

Jan Morris

Morris left school at sixteen-and-a-half, and put in several years' service with the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers (founded in 1715 as Owen Wynn's Dragoons),
Morris, Jan. Conundrum. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , 1974.
27
Johns, Derek. Ariel. A Literary Life of Jan Morris. Faber and Faber, 2016.
6
. JM's army years were sandwiched between two stints as a reporter: six months in Bristol with the Western Daily Press (at first unpaid, as what would now be called an intern), and time after leaving the army, working in Cairo for the Arab News Agency.
Johns, Derek. Ariel. A Literary Life of Jan Morris. Faber and Faber, 2016.
6-7, 41

Judith Sargent Murray

Boston's legal ban on stage plays was lifted this same year, and JSM became an early patron of the city's Federal Street Theatre .
Field, Vena Bernadette. Constantia: A Study of the Life and Works of Judith Sargent Murray, 1751-1820. University of Maine Press, 1931.
32

E. Nesbit

Some years before this, with her already unsatisfactory marriage and her first baby to support, EN had set out to make an income from writing, as well as from painting greetings cards for Raphael Tuck .
Briggs, Julia. A Woman of Passion: The Life of E. Nesbit, 1858-1924. Hutchinson, 1987.
70, 121
She later worked for a small publishing firm called Griffith, Farran, Okeden and Welsh , producing little decorative booklets of illustrations with poems as accompanying text.
Briggs, Julia. A Woman of Passion: The Life of E. Nesbit, 1858-1924. Hutchinson, 1987.
122

Edna O'Brien

While she was an evening student EOB worked as an apprentice at Magner's Chemist Shop on the North Circular Road during the daytime. According to her son Carlo , it was while she was working at Magner's that she met her future husband, Ernest Gébler . Ernest's father, Adolf , was a patron of the shop, and the Gébler family lived nearby at 3 Cabra Grove.
Gébler, Carlo. Father and I. Little, Brown, 2000.
27-9
Quinn, John, editor. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Girl. Methuen, 1986.
141