Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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17 February 1856: Heinrich Heine, German-Jewish lyric poet,...

Writing climate item

17 February 1856

Heinrich Heine , German-Jewish lyric poet, died after intense suffering from tuberculosis of the spine.
“Dictionary of Literary Biography online”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Center-LRC.
90

23 February 1856: Member of Parliament Sir Stafford Henry Northcote...

National or international item

23 February 1856

Member of Parliament Sir Stafford Henry Northcote announced that he supported reform of the laws pertaining to women, based on a concern for working-class women.
Herstein, Sheila R. A Mid-Victorian Feminist: Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon. Yale University Press, 1985.
85

By 23 Feburary 1856: Frederick Douglass' My Bondage and my Freedom,...

Writing climate item

By 23 Feburary 1856

Frederick Douglass ' My Bondage and my Freedom, published in New York the previous year, was reviewed in London.
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.

Mary Elizabeth Braddon: From March 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Elizabeth Braddon

From March 1856

MEB 's theatre career peaked with her run at the Surrey Theatre , London, in pieces like J. B. Johnstone 's The Sailor of France and How We Live in the World of London...

Elizabeth Rigby: March 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Rigby

March 1856

ER published a scathing critique of Ruskin in an anonymous review of Modern Painters for the Quarterly.
Broomfield, Andrea, and Sally Mitchell, editors. Prose by Victorian Women. Garland, 1996.
81

: The Law Amendment Society released its Report...

National or international item

Spring 1856

The Law Amendment Society released its Report of the Personal Laws Committee on the Laws Relating to the Property of Married Women.
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England. Princeton University Press, 1989.
34

Toru Dutt: 4 March 1856

Writing climate item
Author event in Toru Dutt

4 March 1856

TD was born at 12 Manicktollah Street in Calcutta, India, the youngest of three children.
Dutt, Toru. “Selected Poetry of Toru Dutt (1856-1877)”. University of Toronto Libraries. Representative Poetry Online (RPO), edited by Ian Lancashire.

5 March 1856: Covent Garden Theatre was destroyed by f...

Building item

5 March 1856

Covent Garden Theatre was destroyed by fire.
Wyndham, Henry Saxe. The Annals of Covent Garden Theatre From 1732 to 1897. Chatto and Windus, 1906, 2 vols.
2: 202-3
Mander, Raymond, and Joe Mitchenson. The Theatres of London. Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963.
57

Mary Howitt: Early 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Howitt

Early 1856

MH was among the signatories to the petition presented to Parliament as a move to improve married women's property rights.
Dunicliff, Joy. Mary Howitt: Another Lost Victorian Writer. Excalibur Press of London, 1992.
208

14 March 1856: A petition for Reform of the Married Women's...

National or international item

14 March 1856

A petition for Reform of the Married Women's Property Law, organized by the Married Women's Property Committee and signed by many prominent women, was presented to both Houses of Parliament.
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England. Princeton University Press, 1989.
32, 35
Helsinger, Elizabeth K. et al. The Woman Question. Garland, 1983.
2: 14
Dunicliff, Joy. Mary Howitt: Another Lost Victorian Writer. Excalibur Press of London, 1992.
208
Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. W.W. Norton, 1995.
214

30 March 1856: The Treaty of Paris was signed by Austria,...

National or international item

30 March 1856

The Treaty of Paris was signed by Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia, and Turkey, bringing an end to the Crimean War.
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
207, 210-14
Kinder, Hermann, and Werner Hilgemann. The Anchor Atlas of World History. Translator Menze, Ernest A., Vol.
2
, Anchor, 1978.
69
Mitchell, Sally, editor. Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland Press, 1988.
202-3
Duberly, Frances Isabella. “Editor’s Introduction”. Mrs Duberly’s War. Journals and Letters from the Crimea, 1854-6, edited by Christine Kelly, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. xi - xlviii.
xlii

Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon: April 1856

Women writers item

April 1856

Margaret Oliphant , writing in Blackwood's, harshly criticized Barbara Leigh Smith 's Brief Summary . . . of the Laws Concerning Women.
Oliphant, Margaret. “The Laws Concerning Women”. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, Vol.
79
, W. Blackwood, Apr. 1856, pp. 379-87.
79: 379-87

Selina Bunbury: After April 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Selina Bunbury

After April 1856

SB voyaged to Russia, on a trip undertaken to complete a voluntary service,
Bunbury, Selina. Russia After the War. Hurst and Blackett, 1857, 2 vols.
1: 114
which she found less pleasant than her other travels.
Bunbury, Selina. Russia After the War. Hurst and Blackett, 1857, 2 vols.
1: prelims

Mary Seacole: After April 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Seacole

After April 1856

MS moved to London, to 14 Soho Square, after the Crimean War ended. In her last years she lived both there and in Jamaica.
Andrews, William L., and Mary Seacole. “Introduction”. Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. xxvii - xxxiv.
xxxii
Uglow, Jennifer S., and Frances Hinton, editors. Continuum Dictionary of Women’s Biography. 2nd ed., Continuum, 1989.
490
Anionwu, Elizabeth. Mary Seacole, 1805-1881. May 2005, http://www.wolfson.tvu.ac.uk/maryseacole/pages/index.html.

Anna Mary Howitt: Spring 1856

Building item
Author event in Anna Mary Howitt

Spring 1856

John Ruskin 's severe censure of a painting intended as her masterpiece (a heroic depiction of Boadiceabrooding over her wrongs, drawn from Barbara Leigh Smith )
Lee, Amice. Laurels & Rosemary: The Life of William and Mary Howitt. Oxford University Press, 1955.
216
may have impelled AMH to give up exhibiting her work.
Marsh, Jan, and Pamela Gerrish Nunn. Women Artists and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. Virago, 1989.
43
Woodring, Carl Ray. Victorian Samplers: William and Mary Howitt. University of Kansas Press, 1952.
205

Margaret Oliphant: April 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Margaret Oliphant

April 1856

Blackwood's published MO 's severe critique of Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon 's Brief Summary . . . of the Laws Concerning Women.
Greenfield, John R., editor. Dictionary of Literary Biography 159. Gale Research, 1996.
159: 254

Charlotte Yonge: By 5 April 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Charlotte Yonge

By 5 April 1856

CY , still as the author of The Heir of Redclyffe, published another novel, The Daisy Chain; or, Aspirations. A Family Chronicle.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1484 (1856): 420-1

Julia Stretton: By 12 April 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Julia Stretton

By 12 April 1856

The future JS , as the author of Woman's Devotion, published Margaret and Her Bridesmaids, a three-volume novel which has sometimes been ascribed to Anne Marsh .
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1485 (1856): 458
Solo: Search Oxford University Libraries Online. 18 July 2011, http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=OXVU1&fromLogin=true&reset_config=true.

16 April 1856: The Governor of British Columbia announced...

National or international item

16 April 1856

The Governor of British Columbia announced the discovery of gold and proclaimed all gold the property of the Crown.
Keller, Helen, editor. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan, 1934, 2 vols.
II: 469

By mid-April 1856: Frances Margaret Taylor published as a Lady...

Women writers item

By mid-April 1856

Frances Margaret Taylor published as a Lady VolunteerEastern Hospitals and English Nurses: the Narrative of Twelve Months' Experience in the Hospitals of Koulali and Scutari.
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.
Solo: Search Oxford University Libraries Online. 18 July 2011, http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=OXVU1&fromLogin=true&reset_config=true.

Frances Isabella Duberly : 23 April 1856

Women writers item

23 April 1856

The Eighth Hussars embarked from Izmit in Turkey, leaving their Crimean War service for England, where they landed at Portsmouth three weeks later. FID was still with them.
Duberly, Frances Isabella. “Editor’s Introduction”. Mrs Duberly’s War. Journals and Letters from the Crimea, 1854-6, edited by Christine Kelly, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. xi - xlviii.
xliii

Dinah Mulock Craik: By 26 April 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Dinah Mulock Craik

By 26 April 1856

Dinah Mulock , as the author of the Head of the Family, Olive, etc, published her best-known novel, John Halifax, Gentleman, in three volumes.
Fredeman, William E., and Ira Bruce Nadel, editors. Dictionary of Literary Biography 35. Gale Research, 1985.
35: 39
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.

May 1856: Herman Melville published his collection...

Writing climate item

May 1856

Herman Melville published his collection of short stories The Piazza Tales.
“Dictionary of Literary Biography online”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Center-LRC.
3
The Life and Works of Herman Melville. http://www.melville.org/.

May 1856: Lord Chancellor Cranworth presented a second...

National or international item

May 1856

Lord Chancellor Cranworth presented a second divorce bill, to which there were several successful amendments affecting married women's property.
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England. Princeton University Press, 1989.
38-40, 44-5
Atkinson, Diane. The Criminal Conversation of Mrs Norton. Preface Publishing, 2012.
390

May 1856: J. W. Kaye published anonymously Outrages...

Women writers item

May 1856

J. W. Kaye published anonymously Outrages on Women, a ground-breaking consideration of wife assault, in the North British Review.
Kaye, John William. “Outrages on Women”. North British Review, Vol.
25
, May 1856, pp. 233-56.
233