Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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Caroline Bowles: 20 July 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Bowles

20 July 1854

CB , poet, died at Buckland Cottage in Lymington, Hampshire.
Gentleman’s Magazine. Various publishers.
(September 1854): 309
Mudge, Bradford Keyes, editor. Dictionary of Literary Biography 116. Gale Research, 1992.
116: 341

George Eliot: 20 July 1854

Women writers item
Author event in George Eliot

20 July 1854

Marian Evans (later GE ) left London for Germany with George Henry Lewes , the married writer, editor, and scientist with whom she was to live for the rest of his life.
Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. W.W. Norton, 1995.
178

By 22 July 1854: Mrs Robert Cartwright published her two-volume...

Women writers item

By 22 July 1854

Mrs Robert Cartwright published her two-volume novel Ambrose the Sculptor: An Autobiography of Artist Life.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1395 (1854): 910

Mary Russell Mitford: By 29 July 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Russell Mitford

By 29 July 1854

MRM published her Dramatic Works: two volumes of historical verse dramas, with an autobiographical introduction.
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2026, 22 vols. plus supplements.

Frances E. W. Harper: By August 1854

Writing climate item
Author event in Frances E. W. Harper

By August 1854

Frances Watkins had delivered her first public lecture, Education and the Elevation of the Colored Race in New Bedford, Massachusetts; she continued to lecture for more than forty years.
Still, William. The Underground Railroad. Arno Press, 1968.
758, 764

August 1854: Austrian troops replaced Russian ones in...

National or international item

August 1854

Austrian troops replaced Russian ones in the Danubian Principalities, and Austria recommended Four Points to be accepted as terms for peace (in the Crimean War).
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
207-8

Frances Trollope: By 5 August 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Frances Trollope

By 5 August 1854

FT published a novel entitled The Life and Adventures of a Clever Woman, Illustrated with occasional extracts from her diary.
Charlotte Yonge had not yet published her novel The Clever Woman of the Family...

9 August 1854: Henry David Thoreau published Walden, or...

Writing climate item

9 August 1854

Henry David Thoreau published Walden, or Life in the Woods.
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.
980
Borne Back Daily. 2001, http://borneback.com/ .
9 August 2016

10 August 1854: The Youthful Offenders Act provided for youths...

Building item

10 August 1854

The Youthful Offenders Act provided for youths under sixteen to be sent to reform school after the completion of their prison sentences.
Emsley, Clive. Crime and Society in England 1750-1900. 2nd ed., Longman, 1996.
275
The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Printed by J. Bentham, 1762–2026.

Mary Martha Sherwood: By 12 August 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Martha Sherwood

By 12 August 1854

MMS 's daughter Sophia Kelly published with DartonThe Life of Mrs. Sherwood, which was chiefly autobiographical. The text draws generously on diaries written much earlier.
Sherwood, Mary Martha, and Henry Sherwood. The Life of Mrs. Sherwood. Editor Kelly, Sophia, Darton, 1854.
title-page
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
1398 (12 August 1854): 987-8

Anna Brownell Jameson: August 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Anna Brownell Jameson

August 1854

ABJ 's husband died, leaving her out of his will.
Thomas, Clara. Love and Work Enough: The Life of Anna Jameson. University of Toronto Press, 1967.
195

Fredrika Bremer: 18 August 1854

Writing climate item
Author event in Fredrika Bremer

18 August 1854

FB's Invitation to a Peace Alliance featured prominently in The Times in London: an appeal (during the bloody progress of the Crimean War) to the women of the world to work for peace through international...

Frances Isabella Duberly : 28-9 August 1854

Women writers item

28-9 August 1854

Excerpts from FID 's war correspondence (letters from Crimea to her sister ) appeared anonymously in the Morning Advertiser. She had to stifle laughter when Lord Cardigan , unsuspecting, read her own words aloud to her.
Duberly, Frances Isabella. Mrs Duberly’s War. Journals and Letters from the Crimea, 1854-6. Editor Kelly, Christine, Oxford University Press, 2007.
80 and n5

Florence Nightingale : 31 August 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Florence Nightingale

31 August 1854

FN temporarily left her post at the Hospital for Invalid Gentlewomen for the Middlesex Hospital when cholera swept through the slums of Soho.
Cook, Edward. The Life of Florence Nightingale. Macmillan, 1913, 2 vols.
140
Dossey, Barbara Montgomery. Florence Nightingale: Mystic, Visionary, Healer. Springhouse Corporation, 2000.
98

Christina Rossetti: Autumn 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Christina Rossetti

Autumn 1854

CR applied for a nursing position in the Crimean War, but was turned down.
Marsh, Jan. Christina Rossetti: A Writer’s Life. Viking, 1995.
160
Smulders, Sharon. Christina Rossetti Revisited. Twayne, 1996.
xi

September 1854: The British landed in Crimea, unopposed by...

National or international item

September 1854

The British landed in Crimea, unopposed by the Russians they had come to make war with. They went on to lay siege to Sebastopol that October and to win important victories at Balaklava (25...

Elizabeth Gaskell: 2 September 1854-27 January 1855

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Gaskell

2 September 1854-27 January 1855

EG 's second industrial novel, North and South, appeared serially in Household Words; it came out in two volumes in 1855.
Uglow, Jennifer S. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber, 1993.
255, 361, 367
Miller, Anita, and Elizabeth Gaskell. “Preface and Chronology”. My Lady Ludlow, Academy Chicago, 1995, pp. 7-10.
10

7 September 1854: Putting his theories into practice, Dr John...

Building item

7 September 1854

Putting his theories into practice, Dr John Snow contained an outbreak of cholera in Soho, London, by effectively stopping the main water supply.
Duin, Nancy, and Jenny Sutcliffe. A History of Medicine: From Prehistory to the Year 2020. Simon and Schuster, 1992.
58-9
Bynum, William F. Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
79
Youngson, A. J. The Scientific Revolution in Victorian Medicine. Holmes and Meier, 1979.
76-7
Shryock, Richard Harrison. The Development of Modern Medicine: An Interpretation of the Social and Scientific Factors Involved. University of Wisconsin Press, 1979.
292

Anne Manning: By 16 September 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Anne Manning

By 16 September 1854

AM published The Chronicles of Merry England, rehearsed unto her people, in which she reaches back furthest yet into the past, presenting historical characters from the earlier middle ages.
Solo: Search Oxford University Libraries Online. 18 July 2011, http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=OXVU1&fromLogin=true&reset_config=true.
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
1403 (16 September 1854): 1113

Margaret Oliphant: 17 September 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Margaret Oliphant

17 September 1854

MO 's mother died; when her baby daughter also died five months later, Oliphant was consumed with guilt because she grieved more for her child than for her beloved mother.
Williams, Merryn. Margaret Oliphant: A Critical Biography. St Martin’s Press, 1986.
22
Thaden, Barbara Z. The Maternal Voice in Victorian Fiction: Rewriting the Patriarchal Family. Garland, 1997.
19-20

20 September 1854: Having landed in the Crimea without meeting...

National or international item

20 September 1854

Having landed in the Crimea without meeting resistance from the opposing Russians, Britain and its allies went on to fight the major battle of Alma.
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
207

Mrs Alexander: October 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Mrs Alexander

October 1854

The first work to be published by Annie French Hector (later MA ) was the anonymous novelKate Vernon. A Tale (it was years later that she adopted her pseudonym).
Schlueter and Schlueter say that...

Caroline Chisholm: October 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Chisholm

October 1854

CC and her son visited the Victoria goldmines at Bendigo, Castlemaine, Maryborough, Avoca, and Ballarat, Australia.
Kiddle, Margaret, and Sir Douglas Copland. Caroline Chisholm. 2nd ed., Melbourne University Press, 1957.
208-11

George Eliot: October 1854

Women writers item
Author event in George Eliot

October 1854

GE 's essay Woman in France: Madame de Sablé, written for the Westminster Review, employed a historical topic to address the status of women, and women writers, within the framework of emergent evolutionary debate.
Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. W.W. Norton, 1995.
183

Mary Seacole: October 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Seacole

October 1854

MS landed in London after her voyage from the Caribbean, to pursue her goal of volunteering as a nurse in the Crimean War effort.
Seacole, Mary, and William L. Andrews. Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands. Oxford University Press, 1988.
74-6