Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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Mary Seacole: November 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Seacole

November 1856

MS , back in London from the Crimean war, was declared bankrupt by a court. Her plight attracted several letters of support addressed to the editor of The Times.
Anionwu, Elizabeth. Mary Seacole, 1805-1881. May 2005, http://www.wolfson.tvu.ac.uk/maryseacole/pages/index.html.

1 November 1856: Britain declared war on Persia, which had...

National or international item

1 November 1856

Britain declared war on Persia, which had occupied Herat in Afghanistan; this began the Anglo-Persian War.
Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry. Historical Tables: 58 BC-AD 1985. 11th ed., Garland Publishing, 1986.
202
Cook, Chris, and John, 1946 - Stevenson. The Longman Handbook of Modern British History, 1714-1995. 3rd ed., Longman, 1996.
212

Elizabeth Barrett Browning: 15 November 1856

Women writers item

15 November 1856

EBB 's epic feminist verse novel and künstlerroman, Aurora Leigh, appeared in London with an imprint of 1857.
Garrett, Martin. A Browning Chronology: Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning. Macmillan, 2000.
106

Margaret Oliphant: 16 November 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Margaret Oliphant

16 November 1856

MO bore her son Cyril Francis , nicknamed Tiddy; this was her fourth pregnancy (since 1853), but she had only one child alive.
Williams, Merryn. Margaret Oliphant: A Critical Biography. St Martin’s Press, 1986.
26
Yeazell, Ruth Bernard. “Doubling the Oliphant”. Times Literary Supplement, 7 Sept. 1995, pp. 12-3.
13

Elizabeth Sewell: By 29 November 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Sewell

By 29 November 1856

Ivors was published by ES (again as the author of Amy Herbert); it was her third novel in three years.
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.

Elizabeth Charles: From late 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Charles

From late 1856

Following their eastern travels, EC and her husband settled in Hampstead, where they lived until his death.
Charles, Elizabeth. Our Seven Homes. Editor Davidson, Mary, John Murray, 1896.
168

Elizabeth Gaskell: December 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Gaskell

December 1856

Another of EG 's gothic tales, The Poor Clare, appeared in Household Words.
Uglow, Jennifer S. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber and Faber, 1993.
618

Jessie White Mario: December 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Jessie White Mario

December 1856

At the age of twenty-four, JWM (then Jessie White) embarked on a propaganda lecture tour of northern England and Scotland to raise money and support for the cause of Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini .
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Daniels, Elizabeth Adams. Jessie White Mario: Risorgimento Revolutionary. Ohio University Press, 1972.
53

Frances Browne: By 6 December 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Frances Browne

By 6 December 1856

FB published with her name her most famous work, Granny's Wonderful Chair and its Tales of Fairy Times, with illustrations by Kenny Meadows and bearing the date 1857.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1519 (1856): 1497
“Dictionary of Literary Biography online”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Center-LRC.
199

Catherine Hubback: By 6 December 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Catherine Hubback

By 6 December 1856

CH published Agnes Milbourne; or, Foy pour devoir, the second of two religious novels to appear this year.
University of Alberta Libraries On-line Catalogue. http://www.library.ualberta.ca/.
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
1519 (6 December 1856)

Violet Fane: 11 December 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Violet Fane

11 December 1856

Mary Montgomerie Lamb (later VF ) was only thirteen when she lost her beloved father .
“FamilySearch Internet Genealogy Service”. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Bessie Rayner Parkes : By 13 December 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Bessie Rayner Parkes

By 13 December 1856

BRP published a children's story, The History of Our Cat Aspasia.
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
1520 (13 December 1856): 1534

Charlotte Riddell: 16 December 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Charlotte Riddell

16 December 1856

Ellen Cowan , mother of the future CR , died in London of cancer, leaving Charlotte with a grief that still seemed to her as sharp and present
Black, Helen C. Notable Women Authors of the Day. D. Bryce, 1893.
21
as ever nearly forty years later.
qtd. in
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Bleiler, Everett F., editor. Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985, 2 vols.
1: 270

Caroline Norton: Soon after Christmas 1856

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Norton

Soon after Christmas 1856

CN published A Review of the Divorce Bill of 1856, With Propositions for an Amendment of the Laws Affecting Married Persons.
Chedzoy, Alan. A Scandalous Woman: The Story of Caroline Norton. Allison and Busby, 1995.
251

Lydia Maria Child: By 27 December 1856

Writing climate item
Author event in Lydia Maria Child

By 27 December 1856

LMC published Autumnal Leaves: Tales and Sketches in Prose and Rhyme (with a title-page date of 1857), collecting work which had previously appeared in periodicals.
Clifford, Deborah Pickman. Crusader for Freedom. Beacon Press, 1992.
229n17

29 December 1856: The custom of enclosing piano legs in fabric...

Building item

29 December 1856

The custom of enclosing piano legs in fabric because of their indelicacy (often attributed to the Victorians) was observed by Richard Owen as a habit of Yankees, unfamiliar to an Englishman.
Ashton, Rosemary. George Eliot: A Life. Hamish Hamilton, 1996.
303 and n30

Sarah Austin: 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Sarah Austin

1857

SA published Two Letters on Girls' Schools, and on the Training of Working Women.
Austin, Sarah. Two Letters on Girls’ Schools, and on the Training of Working Women. Chapman and Hall, 1857.
prelims

Charlotte Barnard: 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Charlotte Barnard

1857

After moving to London, CB sent some of her songs to Charlotte Sainton-Dolby , a famous singer.
Fuller, Sophie. The Pandora Guide to Women Composers. Pandora, 1994.
86-7

Lydia Becker: 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Lydia Becker

1857

LB 's eldest brother, Ernest Becker , died, two years after their mother.

Matilda Betham-Edwards: 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Matilda Betham-Edwards

1857

MBE published The White House by the Sea, A Love Story, in two handsome volumes, as she later put it herself.
Betham-Edwards, Matilda. Reminiscences. G. Redway, 1898, p. vi, 354 pp.
141

Caroline Frances Cornwallis : January 1857

Women writers item

January 1857

CFC 's Capabilities and Disabilities of Women was published anonymously in The Westminster Review: the second of her two popular and influential works about women's rights.
Cornwallis, Caroline Frances. Selections from the Letters of Caroline Frances Cornwallis. Editor Power, M. C., Trübner and Co., 1864.
443
Cornwallis, Caroline Frances. “Capabilities and Disabilities of Women”. The Westminster Review, Vol.
67
, Leonard Scott & Co., Jan. 1857, pp. 23-40.
67 (January 1857)

Dinah Mulock Craik: 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Dinah Mulock Craik

1857

Dinah Mulock 's A Woman's Thoughts About Women was published as an essay in Chambers's.
Mitchell, Sally. Dinah Mulock Craik. Twayne, 1983.
chronology

George Eliot: 1 January 1857

Women writers item
Author event in George Eliot

1 January 1857

The first part of GE 's The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton appeared anonymously in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine; the second and final part followed the next month.
Ashton, Rosemary. George Eliot: A Life. Hamish Hamilton, 1996.
164

Emily Faithfull: Around 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Emily Faithfull

Around 1857

After some years out in fashionable London society, EF was presented at Court.
Biographer James S. Stone says this happened in 1856, but the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography says 1857.
Stone, James S. Emily Faithfull: Victorian Champion of Women’s Rights. P. D. Meany, 1994.
15
Nicholls, C. S., editor. The Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Oxford University Press, 1993.

Jane Williams: 1857

Women writers item
Author event in Jane Williams

1857

JW officially edited (but in fact virtually wrote) The Autobiography of Elizabeth Davis , A Balaclava Nurse, Daughter of Dafydd Cadwaladyr, which was published by Hurst and Blackett in two volumes.
Beddoe, Deirdre et al. “Introduction”. The Autobiography of Elizabeth Davis, Honno, 1987, p. ix - xix.
xiii-xiv
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.