Despite her poor health, AS
was active in church and charity activities, and was especially involved with teaching reading, writing, religion, and elementary biology to members of the working classes. In 1860, when living outside the village of Wick in Somerset, she helped establish an evening Working Man's Club
, designed to educate miners and other labourers; her efforts were also devoted to educating working class women and their children in other capacities. Alongside her mother, she was active in temperance activities.
Khorana, Meena, and Judith Gero John, editors. Dictionary of Literary Biography 163. Gale Research, 1996.
AS
's mother
died; from this time Anna ran the household at the Bishop's Palace for her father
, who had independent means, increasingly poor health, and before long senility.
Ashmun, Margaret. The Singing Swan. Yale University Press; H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1931.
OS
worked as a journalist, first with the Daily Gleaner in Jamaica and later with the Jamaica Information Service
. After many years as a freelance writer in public relations, speech writing and publishing, she became editor of Social and Economic Studies, a journal published by the University of the West Indies (Mona)
.
During her later years, CMS
did volunteer work with the Women's Prison Association
and in June 1845 established the Home for Discharged Female Convicts
in the state of New York. She also worked as a teacher both at a girls' school and at several Sunday schools.
Damon-Bach, Lucinda L., and Victoria Clements, editors. “Editorial Materials”. Catharine Maria Sedgwick: Critical Perspectives, Northeastern University Press, 2003, p. various pages.
MS
, a former habituée of the Hôtel de Rambouillet, initiated her own salon; she became known as one of the leading salonnières in the heyday of the institution.
Bozman, Ernest Franklin, editor. Everyman’s Encyclopaedia. 4th Edition, J. M. Dent, 1958, 12 vols.
SS
and Lady Barbara seem to have made and sold decorative work, including painting and needlepoint (especially crewel), whenever possible to finance their charitable activities.
Rizzo, Betty, and Sarah Scott. “Introduction”. The History of Sir George Ellison, University Press of Kentucky, 1996, p. ix - xlv.
CS
became a painter and musician of some accomplishment. According to Lady Louisa Stuart
she called her drawings dark-coloured, [her] music touching, and [her] style pathetic.
Stuart, Lady Louisa, and J. Steven Watson. Memoire of Frances, Lady Douglas. Editor Rubenstein, Jill, Scottish Academic Press, 1985.
100
Three years before she was married she produced a self-portrait in which she stands on some castle battlements in period costume, in the role of Constance in Sir Walter Scott
's Marmion.
After her father died she lived with her mother and her mother's two unmarried sisters. During this time she focused on her art: sketching landscapes and flowers, painting her own portrait, and embroidering. Throughout AMS
's life art continued to be an important pursuit.
Birch, Una. Anna van Schurman: Artist, Scholar, Saint. Longmans, Green, 1909.
In addition to her anti-slavery activity, MAS
pursued serious scientific interests. She sat on the committee of a Bristol scientific society for which she arranged a visiting lecturer on the physiology of plants, and had contacts at a parallel society. In November 1836 she had a box of phormium tenax, or New Zealand flax, packed up ready for sending to the scientist John Murray (1785/6 - 1851)
, who had that year published Phormium tenax, or, New-Zealand Flax, printed on paper made from its leaves: with a postscript on paper.
Schimmelpenninck, Mary Anne. letter to John Murray, 1885/6 - 1851. 22 Nov. 1836.
Londry, Michael. letter to Isobel Grundy about Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck et al. 26 July 2009.
MS
said that without being in Trade she might properly be called a Woman of Business.
qtd. in
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Savage, Mary. Poems on Various Subjects and Occasions. C. Parker, 1777, 2 vols.
1: iii
She said furthermore that she was not five minutes alone from morn to night.
Savage, Mary. Poems on Various Subjects and Occasions. C. Parker, 1777, 2 vols.
1: iii
Her work must have parallelled that of a matron in a boys' boarding school.
She seems to have occupied the centre of a loosely-knit group of young women from within and beyond Lesbos, most of whom had reached puberty but not yet married. This is sometimes referred to as a school with Sappho
as its teacher, or as a religious organisation. This socially accepted but somewhat separate subcultural group involved its members in dance and song, participation in cultic ritual, and instruction in matters of dress and carriage. The heroic mythology woven in some of Sappho's songs around the institutions of virginity and marriage suggests that her students were being groomed for their weddings.
Burnett, Anne Pippin. Three Archaic Poets: Archilocus, Alcaeus, Sappho. Duckworth, 1983.
Eight years after her marriage, MS
established herself as a writer with the publication of her first collection of poems. Her literary career spanned little more than a decade, but during that time she published six works, including poetry, verse drama, and fiction.
Aurore Dudevant (later GS
) was employed as a columnist for the Figaro, a Parisian satirical political publication; she was the only woman employed there at the time.
Jack, Belinda. George Sand: A Woman’s Life Writ Large. Vintage, 2001.
As a widow, LRR
divided her time between Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire (which belonged to her late husband's family); Stratton in Hampshire; Totteridge in Hertfordshire; and Southampton House (later Bedford House), Bloomsbury Square, London—the three last-named properties had come to her from her father.
This is not the same as the earlier Southampton House, Holborn.
Schwoerer, Lois. Lady Rachel Russell: "One of the Best of Women". Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
28-9
She managed these large estates, followed politics closely, and played a major role in her children's education. She saw them all married.
In GlasgowJR
became a dressmaker; she also worked as a servant.
Bold, Valentina. “Beyond ’The Empire of the Gentle Heart’: Scottish Women Poets of the Nineteenth Century”. A History of Scottish Women’s Writing, edited by Douglas Gifford and Dorothy McMillan, Edinburgh University Press, 1997, pp. 246-61.
257
King, Elspeth. The Hidden History of Glasgow’s Women: The Thenew Factor. Mainstream Publishing, 1993.
CCR
worked as a schoolmistress and sewing teacher. Friends found pupils for her, who seem briefly to have rivalled the dominance of God in her life; she was able, she says, to do great good to one of them in particular.
Ross, Catharine Colace. Memoirs, or Spiritual Exercises. David Duncan, 1735.
During these years when MR
's father was becoming more at odds with the king and more bent on living in private like a saint, she dispensed charity on his behalf (in somewhat the manner of a modern foundation), and managed the private almshouse he had opened in Chelsea. He wore a hair shirt beneath the fine clothes appropriate to his rank and function, and the personal duty of washing it fell to her. She also taught her children herself (she had wanted to get Roger Ascham
to tutor them). Even with her father in prison she kept herself busy with their education.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
McCutcheon, Elizabeth. “Margaret More Roper: The Learned Woman in Tudor England”. Women Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation, edited by Katharina M. Wilson, University of Georgia Press, 1987, pp. 449-80.
FMR
hoped to become a painter, and devoted most of [her] girlhood to painting
qtd. in
Bainton, George, editor. The Art of Authorship. J. Clarke, 1890.
326
before the full development of her interest in social and political issues. Vernon Lee
in Miss Brown, 1884, somewhat belittlingly described a character whom she based on Mabel as interested in school boards, and depauperisation.
qtd. in
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
In fact FMR
had a professional career as secretary of Bedford College
(founded in 1849), whose students, receiving degrees from London University in 1878, were the first women to be awarded academic degrees in Britain.