Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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1860: Duty on opium imports was abolished, and...

Building item

1860

Duty on opium imports was abolished, and in this year alone over £187,000 worth of opium was brought into Britain from Turkey.
Parssinen, Terry M. Secret Passions, Secret Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society 1820-1930. Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1983.
14

By the 1860s: Devices designed for viewing moving pictures,...

Building item

By the 1860s

Devices designed for viewing moving pictures, such as the magic lantern and the Zoetrope, became popular forms of home entertainment.
Sweet, Matthew. Inventing the Victorians. St Martin’s Press, 2001.
3

1860: The first international meeting of scientists...

National or international item

1860

The first international meeting of scientists (the First International Chemical Congress ) was held at Karlsruhe, Germany.
Hellemans, Alexander, and Bryan Bunch. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. Simon and Shuster, 1988.
330
Knight, David. The Age of Science: The Scientific World-View in the Nineteenth Century. Basil Blackwell, 1986.
157

1860: Ambroise Auguste Tardieu's Etude médico-légale...

Building item

1860

Ambroise Auguste Tardieu 's Etude médico-légale surles sévices et mauvais traitments exercés sur des enfants, the first study of child abuse, was published in France.
Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. The Assault on Truth: Freud’s Suppression of the Seduction Theory. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984.
15, 22

In the 1860s: Young middle-class women began to use cosmetics,...

Building item

In the 1860s

Young middle-class women began to use cosmetics, albeit sparingly.
Adburgham, Alison. A Punch History of Manners and Modes 1841-1940. Hutchinson, 1961.
80

1860s: During this decade, annuals became associated...

Writing climate item

1860s

During this decade, annuals became associated with ghost stories, exemplified in works by Amelia B. Edwards and Charlotte Riddell .
Boyle, Andrew. An Index to the Annuals. Andrew Boyle, 1967.
Collins, Arthur Simons. The Profession of Letters: A Study of the Relation of Author to Patron, Publisher, and Public, 1780-1832. George Routledge and Sons, 1928.
Eliot, George, and Felicia Bonaparte. Middlemarch. Editor Carroll, David, Oxford University Press, 1997.
Brown, Susan I. “The Victorian Poetess”. The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 180-02.
Renier, Anne. Friendship’s Offering: An Essay on the Annuals and Gift Books of the Nineteenth Century. Private Libraries Association, 1964, http://University of Toronto (Robarts).
Linley, Margaret. “A Centre That Would Not Hold: Annuals and Cultural Democracy”. Nineteenth-Century Media and the Construction of Identities, St Martin’s Press, 2000, pp. 54-74.

1860: The London Music Hall Owners Protection Society...

Building item

1860

The London Music Hall Owners Protection Society was created.
Russell, Dave. Popular Music in England, 1840-1914: A Social History. Manchester University Press, 1987.
77
Kift, Dagmar. The Victorian Music Hall: Culture, Class, and Conflict. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
143

1860: Two French professors of medicine and a prominent...

Building item

1860

Two French professors of medicine and a prominent chemist published scientific proof that alcohol passed through the body essentially unchanged and therefore provided no nutritional benefits.
Shiman, Lilian Lewis. Crusade against Drink in Victorian England. Macmillan, 1988.
36

1860: Albert Niemann isolated the drug cocaine...

Building item

1860

Albert Niemann isolated the drug cocaine from the leaves of the coca bush.
Berridge, Virginia, and Griffith Edwards. Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England. St Martin’s Press, 1981.
217-9

1860: The Queen Mother; Rosamund (two plays) appeared...

Writing climate item

1860

The Queen Mother; Rosamund (two plays) appeared this year as Algernon Charles Swinburne 's first publication.
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.
954
Cox, Michael, editor. The Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2 vols.

1860s: Women wore their hair in coarsely netted...

Building item

1860s

Women wore their hair in coarsely netted snoods; the hair contained therein was often not attached to the wearer except by pins.
Adburgham, Alison. A Punch History of Manners and Modes 1841-1940. Hutchinson, 1961.
77-9

1860: The Lady's Review, a magazine that attempted...

Building item

1860

The Lady's Review, a magazine that attempted to discuss social change, began in London and died within the year.
White, Cynthia L. Women’s Magazines 1693-1968. Michael Joseph, 1970.
48

1860: At this time, London had approximately twenty-four...

Building item

1860

At this time, London had approximately twenty-four rescue homes, providing 1,200 beds to fallen women; provincial homes numbered around forty, offering 1,050 beds.
Bristow, Edward. Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700. Gill and Macmillan, 1977.
70

During the 1860s: Henry Maudsley read works by T. H. Huxley...

Building item

During the 1860s

Henry Maudsley read works by T. H. Huxley which affected his theories of psychology.
Collie, Michael. Henry Maudsley: Victorian Psychiatrist. West End House, 1988, http://HSS.
17

1860: Gore House, Kensington, was demolished to...

Building item

1860

Gore House, Kensington, was demolished to allow the construction of the Royal Albert Hall .
Adburgham, Alison. Shops and Shopping 1800-1914: Where, and in What Manner the Well-Dressed Englishwoman Bought Her Clothes. Allen and Unwin, 1964.
162

January 1860: The Cornhill Magazine, an influential literary...

Writing climate item

January 1860

The Cornhill Magazine, an influential literary monthly, first appeared in London with Thackeray as editor and contributor; the first issue sold 110,000 copies.
Houghton, Walter E., and Jean Harris Slingerland, editors. The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824-1900. University of Toronto Press, 1966–1989, 5 vols.
1: 321-5, 554
Sutherland, John, b. 1938. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press, 1989.
150

1860: The Society for the Relief of Distress was...

Building item

1860

The Society for the Relief of Distress was founded in London.
Roach, John. Social Reform in England 1780-1880. St Martin’s Press, 1978.
178-9
Prochaska, F. K. Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England. Clarendon, 1980.
106

1860: Oxford University included midwifery in its...

Building item

1860

Oxford University included midwifery in its medical degree.
Moscucci, Ornella. The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-1929. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
65

1860: The Langham Place Group established a club...

Building item

1860

The Langham Place Group established a club for women, a Ladies' Institute that gave subscribers access to a Reading Room, a Luncheon Room, and a place to deposit parcels from shopping.
Hirsch, Pam. Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon 1827-1891: Feminist, Artist and Rebel. Chatto and Windus, 1998.
197

1860-1895: G. W. Hunt created the words and the music...

Building item

1860-1895

G. W. Hunt created the words and the music to over seven thousand popular songs; composer Joseph Tabrar estimated his own output at some seventeen thousand catchy songs over the same period.
Taylor, John Russell, editor. The Penguin Dictionary of Theatre. 3rd ed., Penguin, 1993.
92

1860: The Secretary of War, Baron Herbert, organized...

National or international item

1860

The Secretary of War, Baron Herbert , organized a sanitary commission.
Walkowitz, Judith R. ’We Are Not Beasts of the Field’: Prostitution and the Campaign Against the Contagious Diseases Acts, 1869-1886. University of Rochester, 1974.
110

1860: The first indentured Indians arrived in Natal...

National or international item

1860

The first indentured Indians arrived in Natal to work on sugar plantations.
Keller, Helen, editor. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan, 1934, 2 vols.
I: 681-2
Langer, William L., editor. An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin, 1968.
886

1860: The National Reformer was launched; it later...

Building item

1860

The National Reformer was launched; it later became the official publication of the National Secular Society , founded in 1866.
Royle, Edward. Radical Politics, 1790-1900: Religion and Unbelief. Longman, 1971.
55, 58

1860: Jacob Burckhardt published Die Kultur der...

Writing climate item

1860

Jacob Burckhardt published Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien.
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.
146

1860: The General Medical Council was granted a...

Building item

1860

The General Medical Council was granted a new charter empowering it to exclude practitioners from the Medical Register if they held a foreign degree.
Blake, Catriona, and Wendy Savage. The Charge of the Parasols: Women’s Entry to the Medical Profession. Women’s Press, 1990.
43