Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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1844: The Commission for Enquiring into the State...

Building item

1844

The Commission for Enquiring into the State of Large Towns discerned a link between unsanitary conditions and epidemic disease in England.
Hellemans, Alexander, and Bryan Bunch. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. Simon and Shuster, 1988.
311

1844: Thomas Hancock announced his process of vulcanizing...

Building item

1844

Thomas Hancock announced his process of vulcanizing rubber; in the same week Charles Goodyear perfected this same process in the United States.
Adburgham, Alison. Shops and Shopping 1800-1914: Where, and in What Manner the Well-Dressed Englishwoman Bought Her Clothes. Allen and Unwin, 1964.
83

January-December 1844: William Makepeace Thackeray's novel The Luck...

Writing climate item

January-December 1844

William Makepeace Thackeray 's novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon, by Fitz-Boodle appeared serially in Fraser's Magazine.
Sutherland, John, b. 1938. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press, 1989.

1844: The administration of St Patrick Dun's Hospital,...

Building item

1844

The administration of St Patrick Dun's Hospital , Dublin, proposed to formally train nurses, with particular emphasis on psychiatric nursing.
Scanlan, Pauline. The Irish Nurse: A Study of Nursing in Ireland. Drumlin, 1991.
65

1844: The Ragged School Union was founded and began...

Building item

1844

The Ragged School Union was founded and began opening schools in the slums of great cities.
Martin, Christopher. A Short History of English Schools, 1750-1965. Wayland, 1979.
16, 110
Borer, Mary Cathcart. Willingly to School: A History of Women’s Education. Lutterworth Press, 1976.
257
Mitchell, Sally, editor. Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland Press, 1988.
661

1844: At Harriet Martineau's urging, the English...

Writing climate item

1844

At Harriet Martineau 's urging, the English Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge issued an anthology of writings by American women millworkers, Mind Among the Spindles, written by employees at the Merrimack Manufacturing Corporation

1844: The first directory of the British Press...

Building item

1844

The first directory of the British Press was compiled and published.
Hindley, Diana, and Geoffrey Hindley. Advertising in Victorian England 1837-1901. Wayland, 1972.
20

1844-45: Eugène Sue published Le Juif errant....

Writing climate item

1844-45

Eugène Sue published Le Juif errant.
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.

1844: John Chapman founded his own publishing firm...

Writing climate item

1844

John Chapman founded his own publishing firm in London.
Rose, Jonathan, and Patricia J. Anderson, editors. Dictionary of Literary Biography 106. Gale Research, 1991.
106: 92

1844: By this date, South London wells were predominately...

Building item

1844

By this date, South London wells were predominately polluted from nearby cesspools, and only the very poor still collected water by this means.
Hardy, Anne. “Parish Pump to Private Pipes: London’s Water Supply in the Nineteenth Century”. Living and Dying in London, edited by William F. Bynum and Roy Porter, Wellcome Insititute for the History of Medicine, 1991, pp. 76-93.
82
Wohl, Anthony S. Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain. Harvard University Press, 1983.
89

1844: Approximately 140,000 female paupers delivered...

National or international item

1844

Approximately 140,000 female paupers delivered children nationwide; this statistic represents the peak in pauper maternity cases for the century.
Smith, Francis Barrymore. The People’s Health, 1830-1910. Croom Helm, 1979.
48

Fanny Kingsley : 10 January 1844

Women writers item
Author event in Fanny Kingsley

10 January 1844

Fanny Grenfell and Charles Kingsley were married at her sisters' house in 24 Queen Square, Bath, Somerset, by special licence. Fanny's sister Georgina signed as a witness.
Chitty writes that the formidable Georgiana served...

Dorothea Primrose Campbell: 15 January 1844

Women writers item

15 January 1844

DPC had not worked for over a year and was destitute. She applied for help to the Royal Literary Fund .
Archives of the Royal Literary Fund, 1790-1918.

25 January 1844: The first patients were admitted to the Hospital...

Building item

25 January 1844

The first patients were admitted to the Hospital for the Diseases of Women in Red Lion Square, London.
Moscucci, Ornella. The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-1929. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
86-7
Moscucci, Ornella. The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-1929. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
86

Elizabeth Rigby: Early 1844

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Rigby

Early 1844

ER began a three-month stay with publisher John Murray the third and his mother in London.
Lochhead, Marion C. Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake. John Murray, 1961.
53

2 February 1844: The Ray Society, London, was founded to publish...

Building item

2 February 1844

The Ray Society , London, was founded to publish original works of natural history, zoology, and botany.
Gascoigne, Robert Mortimer. A Chronology of the History of Science, 1450-1900. Garland, 1987.
394
Knight, David. The Age of Science: The Scientific World-View in the Nineteenth Century. Basil Blackwell, 1986.
64
Brock, William H. Science for All: Studies in the History of Victorian Science and Education. Variorum, 1996.
III: 604

Sarah Harriet Burney: 8 February 1844

Women writers item
Author event in Sarah Harriet Burney

8 February 1844

SHB died at Belgrave House, a Cheltenham boarding-house, suddenly and without pain.
“Sarah Harriet Burney Plaque Unveiling in Bath, 11 June 2016”. Burney Letter, Vol.
22
, No. 1, 1 Mar.–31 May 2016, p. 16.
qtd. in
Burney, Sarah Harriet. “Editor’s Introduction”. The Letters of Sarah Harriet Burney, edited by Lorna J. Clark, Georgia University Press, 1997.
lv

Isabella Hamilton Robinson: 29 February 1844

Women writers item

29 February 1844

Isabella Hamilton Dansey married Henry Oliver Robinson , an Irish Protestant who was six years older than she was. She had been introduced to him when she had been a widow for two years, refused...

Robert Browning: March 1844

Writing climate item
Author event in Robert Browning

March 1844

Richard Hengist Horne published A New Spirit of the Age, with contributions from a number of authors including Elizabeth Barrett and RB (who had yet to meet).
Browning, Robert, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. “Editorial Materials”. The Brownings’ Correspondence, edited by Philip Kelley et al., Wedgestone Press, 1984–2026, p. Various pages.
8: xii
Forster, Margaret. Elizabeth Barrett Browning: A Biography. Grafton, 1990.
379-80
Irvine, William, and Park Honan. The Book, the Ring, and the Poet: A Biography of Robert Browning. McGraw-Hill, 1974.
132

Christina Rossetti: March 1844

Women writers item
Author event in Christina Rossetti

March 1844

CR , aged thirteen, experimented with poetry and grew particularly fond of using metaphors of the sea. The Water Spirit's Song, written in this year but not included in any of her collected editions...

Between March 1844 and August 1845: The hugely prolific Alexandre Dumas published...

Writing climate item

Between March 1844 and August 1845

The hugely prolific Alexandre Dumas published not only his best-known novel, The Three Musketeers, but also The Count of Monte-Cristo, Twenty Years After, and La Reine Margot.
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.
Coward, David. “Having Fun”. London Review of Books, 17 Apr. 2003, pp. 17-18.
17-18

Emma Robinson: By 8 March 1844

Women writers item
Author event in Emma Robinson

By 8 March 1844

ER 's play Richelieu in Love; or, The Youth of Charles I was in print, anonymously, for she wrote to J. R. Planché reminding him about it and enclosing (as a pamphlet) a printed copy.
OCLC WorldCat. 1992–1998, http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/content/worldcat/. Accessed 1999.
Planché, James Robinson. The Recollections and Reflections of J.R. Planché. Tinsley Brothers, 1872, 2 vols.
2:97-8

Julia Ward Howe: 12 March 1844

Writing climate item
Author event in Julia Ward Howe

12 March 1844

JWH bore her eldest child, a daughter, Julia Romana .
Clifford, Deborah Pickman. Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory. Little, Brown and Co., 1978.
80

15 March 1844: Lord Shaftesbury introduced the Ten Hours...

Building item

15 March 1844

Lord Shaftesbury introduced the Ten Hours Bill with a speech noting that in 1839 more than half of the factory operators in the British Empire were female, and almost half of these female workers were...

George Eliot: 18 March 1844

Women writers item
Author event in George Eliot

18 March 1844

Mary Ann Evans (later GE ) attended a demonstration in Coventry which was part of Daniel O'Connell 's campaign in support of Irish Home Rule.
Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. W.W. Norton, 1995.
76