Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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25 October 1154: King Stephen died; Henry II assumed the throne...

National or international item

25 October 1154

King Stephen died; Henry II assumed the throne of England on 19 December 1154.
Fryde, Edmund Boleslaw. Handbook of British Chronology. Editors Greenway, D. E. et al., 3rd ed., Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1986.
36
Haydn, Joseph. Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information. Editor Vincent, Benjamin, 23rd ed., Ward, Lock, 1904.
425

Hildegarde of Bingen: Around 1155

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

Around 1155

Hildegarde of Bingen compiled her Lingua ignota (meaning unknown language), a lexicon of close to one thousand imaginary nouns.
Newman, Barbara. “’Sibyl of the Rhine’: Hildegard’s Life and Times”. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, edited by Barbara Newman, University of California Press, 1998, pp. 1-29.
15-16

Hildegarde of Bingen: 1158

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

1158

At the age of sixty, Hildegarde of Bingen began the first of four preaching tours through Germany and Swabia.
Newman, Barbara. “’Sibyl of the Rhine’: Hildegard’s Life and Times”. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, edited by Barbara Newman, University of California Press, 1998, pp. 1-29.
22

Hildegarde of Bingen: 1158-1163

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

1158-1163

Hildegarde of Bingen wrote the second volume of her visionary trilogy, the Liber vitae meritorum (Book of the Rewards of Life).
Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen, 1098-1179: A Visionary Life. Routledge, 1995.
226
Hildegarde of Bingen,. Liber vitae meritorum. Translator Hoseski, Bruce W., Oxford University Press, 1997.

Hildegarde of Bingen: By 1158

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

By 1158

Hildegarde of Bingen had completed most of Symphonia harmoniae celestium revelationum (Symphony of the Harmony of Heavenly Revelations), which included her Carmina (Songs) and Ordo virtutum (Play of the Virtues...

Hildegarde of Bingen: 1163-1174

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

1163-1174

Hildegarde of Bingen wrote the third volume of her visionary trilogy, the Liber divinorum operum (Book of the Divine Works).
Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen, 1098-1179: A Visionary Life. Routledge, 1995.
226

Héloïse: 16 May, probably 1164

Writing climate item
Author event in Héloïse

16 May, probably 1164

Héloïse died at the Paraclete Convent, where the body of her former lover, Peter Abelard , had been buried twenty years before.
Among scholars on Héloïse, Etienne Gilson says that she died in 1164...

Hildegarde of Bingen: By the mid 1160's

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

By the mid 1160's

Hildegarde of Bingen founded a second monastery at Eibingen.
Newman, Barbara. “’Sibyl of the Rhine’: Hildegard’s Life and Times”. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, edited by Barbara Newman, University of California Press, 1998, pp. 1-29.
22

1167: Oxford University was founded....

National or international item

1167

Oxford University was founded.
Bozman, Ernest Franklin, editor. Everyman’s Encyclopaedia. 4th Edition, J. M. Dent, 1958, 12 vols.
9: 504
Rashdall, Hastings. Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Editors Powicke, Sir Frederick Maurice and Alfred Brotherston Emden, Clarendon, 1987, 3 vols.
3: 15

1173: St Thomas's Hospital in London was dedicated;...

Building item

1173

St Thomas's Hospital in London was dedicated; it may have originated in the infirmary of the Priory of St Mary Overy in Southwark.
Harte, Negley. The University of London 1836-1986. Athlone, 1986.
52-57, 277

October 1175: Under the Treaty of Windsor (some of whose...

National or international item

October 1175

Under the Treaty of Windsor (some of whose terms proved short-lived) Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (generally known as the last High King of Ireland) accepted the rule of English (or Anglo-Norman) Henry II , and...

Hildegarde of Bingen: 1178

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

1178

Hildegarde of Bingen and the Rupertsberg monastery suffered an interdict for burying an excommunicated nobleman.
Newman, Barbara. “’Sibyl of the Rhine’: Hildegard’s Life and Times”. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, edited by Barbara Newman, University of California Press, 1998, pp. 1-29.
27

Hildegarde of Bingen: 17 September 1179

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

17 September 1179

Hildegarde of Bingen died in Rupertsberg.
Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen, 1098-1179: A Visionary Life. Routledge, 1995.
11
Newman, Barbara. “’Sibyl of the Rhine’: Hildegard’s Life and Times”. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, edited by Barbara Newman, University of California Press, 1998, pp. 1-29.
28

Marie de France: 1181

Women writers item
Author event in Marie de France

1181

Someone called Marie de France (who may have been the writer so named) was appointed Abbess of the powerful nunnery at Shaftesbury in Dorset.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.

4 July 1187: The Second Crusade ended at the Battle of...

National or international item

4 July 1187

The Second Crusade ended at the Battle of Hattin (in northern Palestine), when Franci or Christian forces were defeated by Saladin .
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/.
under Battle of Hattin

1188: King Henry II bought land next to Newgate...

National or international item

1188

King Henry II bought land next to Newgate (the gate looking west from Old London to Westminster). Newgate prison occupied this site until 1881.
Roberts, Andrew. “Mental Health History Timeline”. Middlesex University: Andrew Roberts Homepage: Mental Health and Learning Disability.

Marie de France: Before 1189

Women writers item
Author event in Marie de France

Before 1189

Marie de France wrote the twelve Lais or Lays for which she is best-known (short narrative poems of love and marvellous adventure).
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.

Marie de France: After 1189

Women writers item
Author event in Marie de France

After 1189

Marie de France probably translated into French, from the Latin of Henry of Saltrey , a saint's life, L'Espurgatoire Seint Patriz or St. Patrick's Purgatory; this received a scholarly edition from T. A. Jenkins in 1894.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.

6 July 1189: King Henry II died, and Richard I assumed...

National or international item

6 July 1189

King Henry II died, and Richard I assumed the throne of England on 3 September 1189.
Fryde, Edmund Boleslaw. Handbook of British Chronology. Editors Greenway, D. E. et al., 3rd ed., Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1986.
36
Haydn, Joseph. Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information. Editor Vincent, Benjamin, 23rd ed., Ward, Lock, 1904.
425

July 1190-March 1194: Richard I was absent from England on the...

National or international item

July 1190-March 1194

Richard I was absent from England on the Third Crusade, pitted (with other Christian monarchs) against the warrior sultan Saladin .
Morgan, Kenneth O., editor. The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. Oxford University Press, 1984.
127-9

Late twelfth century: A nun named Clemence, who identified herself...

Women writers item

Late twelfth century

A nun named Clemence , who identified herself as living at Barking in Essex, composed an Old French, verse life of St Catherine of Alexandria , taken from an elaborately literary Latin original.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Foster, Tara. “Clemence of Barking: reshaping the legend of Saint Catherine of Alexandria”. Women’s Writing, Vol.
12
, No. 1, 2005, pp. 13-27.

Probably 12th Century: A middle English translation from Latin entitled...

Writing climate item

Probably 12th Century

A middle English translation from Latin entitled The Knowing of Women's Kind in Childing was largely derived from writings by the Italian woman doctor Trotula or Trota .
Barratt, Alexandra, editor. Women’s Writing in Middle English. Longman, 1992.
xii, 27-8, 2

6 April 1199: Richard I died and King John succeeded to...

National or international item

6 April 1199

Richard I died and King John succeeded to the throne.
Norgate, Kate. England under the Angevin Kings. B. Franklin, 1969.
386

July 1203: Constantinople was taken from the Greeks...

National or international item

July 1203

Constantinople was taken from the Greeks by Baldwin, Count of Flanders , in the Fourth Crusade.
Haydn, Joseph. Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information. Editor Vincent, Benjamin, 23rd ed., Ward, Lock, 1904.
Nelson, J. L. “Eastern Promises”. London Review of Books, 29 Nov. 2008, pp. 30-2.
30

1 April 1204: Eleanor of Aquitaine, the politically powerful...

National or international item

1 April 1204

Eleanor of Aquitaine, the politically powerful mother of the English King John , died.
Franck, Irene, and David Brownstone. Women’s World: A Timeline of Women in History. HarperCollins; HarperPerennial, 1995.
27-8
Palmer, Alan, and Veronica Palmer. The Chronology of British History. Century, 1992.
66-76