Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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Charlotte Smith: Mid-July 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Charlotte Smith

Mid-July 1791

CS 's Celestina: A Novel, her third to bear its heroine's name as title, was advertised by Cadell as just published.
Garside, Peter et al., editors. The English Novel 1770-1829. Oxford University Press, 2000, 2 vols.
1: 548
Smith, Charlotte. “Introduction”. Emmeline, the Orphan of the Castle, edited by Anne Henry Ehrenpreis, Oxford University Press, 1971.
xxiii
Wollstonecraft, Mary. The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft. Editors Todd, Janet and Marilyn Butler, Pickering, 1989, 7 vols.
7: 388

14-17 July 1791: The Priestley riots in Birmingham, beginning...

National or international item

14-17 July 1791

The Priestley riots in Birmingham, beginning with offence taken over a Bastille Day dinner, caused much destruction and disturbance.
Messenger, Ann. Woman and Poet in the Eighteenth Century: The Life of Mary Whateley Darwall (1738-1825). AMS Press, 1999.
175-6

Susanna Haswell Rowson: July 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Susanna Haswell Rowson

July 1791

Within a few months of her great success, SHR published by subscription with the Minerva PressMentoria; or, The Young Lady's Friend, a collection of didactic letters and tales aimed at female non-novel-readers.
Garside, Peter et al., editors. The English Novel 1770-1829. Oxford University Press, 2000, 2 vols.
1: 545

Eliza Fletcher: 16 July 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Eliza Fletcher

16 July 1791

Eliza Dawson married (against her father's initial wishes) Archibald Fletcher , Scottish advocate and reformer, who was forty-seven to her twenty-one.
Fletcher, Eliza. Autobiography of Mrs. Fletcher, of Edinburgh. Editor Richardson, Mary, Lady, Printed at the offices of C. Thurman for private circulation, 1874.
29, 42-4
Waldron, Mary. “A Different Kind of Patronage: Ann Yearsley’s Later Friends”. The Age of Johnson, edited by Paul J. Korshin and Jack Lynch, Vol.
13
, AMS Press, 2002, pp. 283-35.
331n26

Anna Maria Mackenzie: 16 July 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Anna Maria Mackenzie

16 July 1791

Another novel by AMM was advertised, but this time anonymous: Danish Massacre. An Historic Fact (in which, to the disquiet of the Critical Review, the Danes are the heroes).
Garside, Peter et al., editors. The English Novel 1770-1829. Oxford University Press, 2000, 2 vols.
1: 538

17 July 1791: People were shot while demonstrating in the...

National or international item

17 July 1791

People were shot while demonstrating in theChamp de Mars in Paris; this became known as the Massacre of the Champ de Mars.
Kelly, Gary. Women, Writing, and Revolution 1790-1827. Clarendon, 1993.
41

22 July 1791: Following the revelation that the Paris police...

Building item

22 July 1791

Following the revelation that the Paris police had previously tolerated prostitution, laws were passed to ban it, and arrest any woman found soliciting on the streets.
Norberg, Kathryn. “From Courtesan to Prostitute: Mercenary Sex and Venereal Disease 1730-1802”. The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, edited by Linda E. Merians, University Press of Kentucky, 1996, pp. 34-50.
43

Maria Barrell: 23 July 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Maria Barrell

23 July 1791

MB (who may well have supposed that her first husband had died in America) became the second wife of widower James Mackittrick (or Makittrick) Adair by special licence at the church of St George the...

Elizabeth Bentley: By August 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Bentley

By August 1791

EB published by subscription, with her name, Genuine Poetical Compositions on Various Subjects, dedicated to William Drake , MP.
Gentleman’s Magazine. Various publishers.
61 (1791): 747
English Short Title Catalogue. http://estc.bl.uk/.

Helen Maria Williams: August 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Helen Maria Williams

August 1791

The London Review published HMW 's poem A Farewell, for Two Years, to England.
Kelly, Gary. Women, Writing, and Revolution 1790-1827. Clarendon, 1993.
41
Michael-Johnston, Georgina. Helen Maria Williams: Liberty, Sensibility, and Education. University of Alberta, 1998.
172

Anna Seward: August 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Anna Seward

August 1791

AS visited Hannah More and her sisters at Cowslip Green near Bristol, although their literary and religious opinions differed widely.
Seward, Anna. The Poetical Works of Anna Seward. Editor Scott, Sir Walter, J. Ballantyne, 1810, 3 vols.
39-40
Ashmun, Margaret. The Singing Swan. Yale University Press; H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1931.
194-5

Mary Robinson: August 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Robinson

August 1791

MR , as a Friend to Humanity, published through John Bell a pamphlet entitled Impartial Reflections on the Present Situation of the Queen of France.
Robinson, Mary. “Introduction”. Perdita: The Memoirs of Mary Robinson, edited by Moses Joseph Levy, Peter Owen, 1994.
xiii

Harriet Lee: August 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Harriet Lee

August 1791

Hester Lynch Piozzi was trying unsuccessfully to bring about a marriage between HL and the widowed marchese Ludovico Trotti , who seemed to be in love with her.
Piozzi, Hester Lynch. The Piozzi Letters. Editors Bloom, Edward A. and Lillian D. Bloom, University of Delaware Press; Associated University Presses, 1989–2002, 6 vols.
1: 356-7, 360 and n7-9

August-21 December 1791: In Paris the Salon of 1791, the first non-monarchical...

Building item

August-21 December 1791

In Paris the Salon of 1791, the first non-monarchical display of art to a new public, featured a large increase in works by women.
Mirzoeff, Nicholas. “Revolution, Representation, Equality: Gender, Genre, and Emulation in the Académie Royale de Peinture et Sculpture, 1785-93”. Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.
31
, No. 2, Dec. 1997, pp. 153-74.
166-7 and n94

August 1791: Parliament debated the Sierra Leone Bill:...

National or international item

August 1791

Parliament debated the Sierra Leone Bill: Sierra Leone in West Africa (where an attempt to establish free black settlers had failed) was designated an asylum for emancipated slaves, organized by British Evangelicals.
Bradley, Ian. The Call to Seriousness: The Evangelical Impact on the Victorians. Jonathan Cape, 1976.
76-7, 87
Gentleman’s Magazine. Various publishers.
61 (1791): 735

Elizabeth Cobbold: 7 August 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Cobbold

7 August 1791

Elizabeth Clarke , as a twenty-seven-year-old widow of less than six months' standing, married John Cobbold , a wealthy Ipswich brewer.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.

Harriet Lee: 10 August 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Harriet Lee

10 August 1791

HL wrote Verses for Hester Lynch Piozzi , who recorded them in her Thraliana.
Piozzi, Hester Lynch. The Piozzi Letters. Editors Bloom, Edward A. and Lillian D. Bloom, University of Delaware Press; Associated University Presses, 1989–2002, 6 vols.
1: 358n10

Judith Sargent Murray: 22 August 1791

Writing climate item
Author event in Judith Sargent Murray

22 August 1791

At the age of forty, JSM bore her only child to survive, a daughter, Julia Maria.
Field, Vena Bernadette. Constantia: A Study of the Life and Works of Judith Sargent Murray, 1751-1820. University of Maine Press, 1931.
30

22 August 1791: Thousands of blacks rebelled in Hispaniola:...

National or international item

22 August 1791

Thousands of blacks rebelled in Hispaniola: in the French-speaking part of the island (now called Haiti while the other part is called the Dominican Republic). This (also known as Sainte-Domingue or Santo Domingo)...

22 August 1791: Marie-Antoinette wrote to her friend the...

Building item

22 August 1791

Marie-Antoinette wrote to her friend the princesse de Lamballe , persuading the princess to stay away from her for the sake of the safety of both of them.
Roulston, Christine. “Separating the Inseparables: Female Friendship and its Discontents in Eighteenth-Century France”. Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.
32
, No. 2, 1998–1989, pp. 215-31.
226

Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire: 31 August 1791

Women writers item

31 August 1791

Frances Burney met and recorded her conflicted impressions of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire , and her family, and of Lady Elizabeth Foster .
Foreman, Amanda. Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. HarperCollins, 1998.
256-60

Anna Maria Falconbridge: September 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Anna Maria Falconbridge

September 1791

AMF and her first husband landed in Cornwall on their way home from Sierra Leone, after an all-too-eventful voyage on which they had at one point abandoned ship.
Falconbridge, Anna Maria et al. “Two Voyages to Sierra Leone”. Maiden Voyages and Infant Colonies, edited by Deirdre Coleman, Leicester University Press, 1999, pp. 45-168.
81, 87-8

Mary Wollstonecraft: September 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Wollstonecraft

September 1791

MW moved from a house at 45 George Street, just south of Blackfriars Bridge, to Store Street (house number unknown) near the present London University buildings.
Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. Revised, Penguin, 1992.
131

Mary Wollstonecraft: Late 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Wollstonecraft

Late 1791

A second edition of MW 's Original Stories from Real Life was published with her name, with illustrations by William Blake .
It is dated from one of the engravings.
Ferguson, Moira, and Janet Todd. Mary Wollstonecraft. Twayne, 1984.
25
Kelly, Gary. Revolutionary Feminism: The Mind and Career of Mary Wollstonecraft. Macmillan, 1992.
58

Helen Maria Williams: By September 1791

Women writers item
Author event in Helen Maria Williams

By September 1791

The local branch of the Société des Amis de la Constitution in Rouen wrote admiringly to HMW about her first volume of Letters, which had just been translated into French.
Kelly, Gary. Women, Writing, and Revolution 1790-1827. Clarendon, 1993.
38