Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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1854: By this date, 90% of county madhouses had...

Building item

1854

By this date, 90% of county madhouses had moved to a system of management based on re-education and moral reform; moral management became the watchword of Victorian psychiatry.
Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980. Pantheon Books, 1985.
33
Walton, John. “The Treatment of Pauper Lunatics in Victorian England: The Case of Lancaster Asylum, 1816-1870”. Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era, edited by Andrew Scull, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981, pp. 166-97.
168

1854: The Ladies' Ecclesiastical Embroidery Society...

Building item

1854

The Ladies' Ecclesiastical Embroidery Society was founded.
Cumming, Elizabeth, and Wendy Kaplan. The Arts and Crafts Movement. Thames and Hudson, 1991.
18
Callen, Anthea. Women in the Arts and Crafts Movement 1870-1914. Astragal Books, 1980.
104

1854: Evangelical Bishop Samuel Wilberforce established...

National or international item

1854

Evangelical Bishop Samuel Wilberforce established the first theological college in England, at Cuddesdon in Oxfordshire.
Bradley, Ian. The Call to Seriousness: The Evangelical Impact on the Victorians. Jonathan Cape, 1976.
196

1854: The otherwise unknown Enoch Henry Hey privately...

Writing climate item

1854

The otherwise unknown Enoch Henry Hey privately published at Bradford in Yorkshire his Free Breathings of Poetry, whose longest poem (with weighty prose preface and endnotes) is the proto-feminist Essay on Woman.
Londry, Michael. The Lisle Bamford McEachern Collection.

1854: Ferdinand de Lesseps of France reached an...

National or international item

1854

Ferdinand de Lesseps of France reached an agreement with King Saïd of Egypt to build the Suez Canal; the canal was opened in 1869.
Hadfield, Charles. World Canals: Inland Navigation Past and Present. David and Charles, 1986.
113

1854: A British patent was granted to Paul Pretsch...

Writing climate item

1854

A British patent was granted to Paul Pretsch of Vienna for printing plates used in half-tone printing.
Clair, Colin. A Chronology of Printing. Cassell, 1969.
150

1854: H. C. Evans's bookselling firm in Bristol...

Writing climate item

1854

H. C. Evans 's bookselling firm in Bristol went into partnership with Isaac Arrowsmith to form Evans and Arrowsmith .
Rose, Jonathan, and Patricia J. Anderson, editors. Dictionary of Literary Biography 106. Gale Research, 1991.
106: 11

1854: The Reformatory Schools Act was passed....

National or international item

1854

The Reformatory Schools Act was passed.
Briggs, John et al. Crime and Punishment in England: An Introductory History. St Martin’s, 1996.
172
Tobias, John Jacob. Urban Crime in Victorian England. Shocken Books, 1972.
214

1854: Leonie d'Aunet published at Paris Voyage...

Writing climate item

1854

Leonie d'Aunet published at ParisVoyage d'une femme au Spitzberg (Voyage of a Woman to Spitsbergen), recounting her journey to northern Scandinavia.
Bibliothèque Nationale de France. http://www.bnf.fr/.
Sandler, Corey. Henry Hudson. Kensington Publishing, 2007.
69-70

1854-1870: Between these years, women managed at least...

Building item

1854-1870

Between these years, women managed at least 20% of all licensed insane asylums throughout the country.
Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980. Pantheon Books, 1985.
53

1854: The Railway and Canal Traffic Act of 1854...

National or international item

1854

The Railway and Canal Traffic Act of 1854 required that railways transfer traffic from one to the other without undue delays, as well as making rail and shipping companies liable for negligence in the transport...

1854: Henry Venn, secretary of the Church Missionary...

National or international item

1854

Henry Venn , secretary of the Church Missionary Society in London, delineated the aims of Christian missions.
Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions. 2nd ed., Penguin, 1990.
221

1854: The Scottish Curative Mesmeric Association...

Building item

1854

The Scottish Curative Mesmeric Association was founded; its supporters included Sir Thomas Makdougall-Brisbane , President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Gauld, Alan. A History of Hypnotism. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
213

1854: A Hero of Our Times, a novel by Russian Romantic...

Writing climate item

1854

A Hero of Our Times, a novel by Russian Romantic poet Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov (who died in 1841), was published in English translation.
Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 1985.
Lermontov, Mikhail Yurevich. “Introduction and Notes”. A Hero of Our Times, translated by. Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov and Dmitri Vladimirovich Nabokov, Doubleday, 1958.
xii, Notes
Lavrin, Janko. Lermontov. Bowes and Bowes, 1959.
109
In his 1958 translation, Vladimir Nabokov claims that...

1854: The Oxford University Reform Act first allowed...

Building item

1854

The Oxford University Reform Act first allowed Jews to matriculate and take degrees.
Beckman, Linda Hunt. Amy Levy: Her Life and Letters. Ohio University Press, 2000.
8-9

1854: George Drysdale published in London The Elements...

Building item

1854

George Drysdale published in LondonThe Elements of Social Science; or Physical and Natural Religion, one of the best known nineteenth-century works on birth control.
Ledbetter, Rosanna. A History of the Malthusian League: 1877-1927. Ohio State University Press, 1976.
15
Fryer, Peter. The Birth Controllers. Secker and Warburg, 1965.
110
Chandrasekhar, Sripati et al. "A Dirty Filthy Book": The Writings of Charles Knowlton and Annie Besant on Reproductive Physiology and Birth Control and an Account of the Bradlaugh-Besant Trial. University of California Press, 1981.
51
Tannahill, Reay. Sex in History. Stein and Day, 1980.
410
He discounted the efficacy of...

1854: Scottish-born Catherine Helen Spence (1825-1910),...

Writing climate item

1854

Scottish-born Catherine Helen Spence (1825-1910), who had emigrated to Adelaide in Australia with her parents at the age of thirteen, published at London her first novel, Clara Morison. Set in Adelaide, it is the...

1854: George Boole developed the first form of...

Building item

1854

George Boole developed the first form of symbolic logic, known today as Boolean algebra.
Hellemans, Alexander, and Bryan Bunch. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. Simon and Shuster, 1988.
325

1854: The British government created an Educational...

National or international item

1854

The British government created an Educational Dispatch which was sent to India, proposing financial support for missionary schools as long as they agreed to adhere to British modes of schooling and government inspection.
Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions. 2nd ed., Penguin, 1990.
302

1854: A Royal Commission recommended that Oxford...

National or international item

1854

A Royal Commission recommended that Oxford and Cambridge should include significantly more science in their programmes of study.
Merrill, Lynn L. The Romance of Victorian Natural History. Oxford University Press, 1989.
99

1854: The first recorded Caesarean section of the...

Building item

1854

The first recorded Caesarean section of the nineteenth century took place in the Rotunda Hospital , Dublin.
Towler, Jean. Midwives in History and Society. Croom Helm, 1986.
153
Blake, Catriona, and Wendy Savage. The Charge of the Parasols: Women’s Entry to the Medical Profession. Women’s Press, 1990.
50

1854: An electric telegraph was installed between...

National or international item

1854

An electric telegraph was installed between London and Paris.
Hellemans, Alexander, and Bryan Bunch. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. Simon and Shuster, 1988.
325

1854: A Select Committee was assembled to investigate...

National or international item

1854

A Select Committee was assembled to investigate medical relief after the annual national expenditure reached £4,000,000.
White, Rosemary. Social Change and the Development of the Nursing Profession: A Study of the Poor Law Nursing Service, 1848-1948. H. Kimpton, 1978.
20

1854: The former governor of New Zealand, Sir George...

National or international item

1854

The former governor of New Zealand, Sir George Grey , proclaimed that 99% of the Maori people in the country had been converted to Christianity.
Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions. 2nd ed., Penguin, 1990.
256
Bradley, Ian. The Call to Seriousness: The Evangelical Impact on the Victorians. Jonathan Cape, 1976.
87
Belich, James. The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland University Press, 1986.
302

1854: Artists Anna Mary Howitt and Barbara Leigh...

Building item

1854

Artists Anna Mary Howitt and Barbara Leigh Smith were invited to join the Pre-Raphaelite Portfolio Club , a group which offered critical appraisals of members' work.
Marsh, Jan, and Pamela Gerrish Nunn. Women Artists and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. Virago, 1989.
41