Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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28 March 1854: Britain and France declared war on Russia,...

National or international item

28 March 1854

Britain and France declared war on Russia, beginning the full-scale Crimean War.
Hobsbawm, Eric John. The Age of Capital 1848-1875. Abacus, 1975.
96-7
Cowie, Leonard W., and Leonard Woolfson. Years of Nationalism: European History 1815-1890. Edward Arnold, 1985.
205
Boyd, Nancy. Josephine Butler, Octavia Hill, Florence Nightingale. Macmillan, 1982.
182, 185
Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry. Historical Tables: 58 BC-AD 1985. 11th ed., Garland Publishing, 1986.
200
Cook, Chris, and John, 1946 - Stevenson. The Longman Handbook of Modern British History 1714-1987. 2nd ed., Longman, 1988.
234
Kinder, Hermann, and Werner Hilgemann. The Anchor Atlas of World History. Translator Menze, Ernest A., Vol.
2
, Anchor, 1978.
69

After March 1854: The Irish sisterhoods were asked to serve...

Building item

After March 1854

The Irish sisterhoods were asked to serve as nurses in the Crimean War; the Sisters of Mercy agreed but the Sisters of Charity declined.
Scanlan, Pauline. The Irish Nurse: A Study of Nursing in Ireland. Drumlin, 1991.
67-71

31 March 1854: When police arrived to evict four hundred...

National or international item

31 March 1854

When police arrived to evict four hundred tenants near Bonar Bridge in Scotland, resistance was led by women.
Grigor, Iain Fraser. Mightier than a Lord. Acair, 1979.
22-3

Caroline Chisholm: April 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Chisholm

April 1854

Eight years after leaving it, CC and her family returned to Australia and settled in Victoria.
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2026, 22 vols. plus supplements.
Kiddle, Margaret, and Sir Douglas Copland. Caroline Chisholm. 2nd ed., Melbourne University Press, 1957.
204-6

Felicia Skene: 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Felicia Skene

1854

During a cholera outbreak in Oxford, FS organized a group of nurses. (Cholera had struck London in April this year.)
Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney Lee, editors. The Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder, 1908–2026, 22 vols. plus supplements.

Ellen Johnston: Probably spring 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Ellen Johnston

Probably spring 1854

The Glasgow Examiner published EJ 's poem Lord Raglan 's Address to the Allied Armies.
Johnston, Ellen. Autobiography, Poems, and Songs. 2nd ed., William Love, 1869.
xviii

Eliza Lynn Linton: April 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Eliza Lynn Linton

April 1854

Eliza Lynn , later Linton, published One of Our Legal Fictions in Household Words, in support of the reform of married women's property law.
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England. Princeton University Press, 1989.
29

By 1 April 1854: Anna Elizabeth Blunden exhibited The Song...

Building item

By 1 April 1854

Anna Elizabeth Blunden exhibited The Song of the Shirt, based on Thomas Hood 's poem about garment outworkers, at the Society of British Artists .
Marsh, Jan, and Pamela Gerrish Nunn. Women Artists and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. Virago, 1989.
60
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1379 (1 April 1854): 411-2

8 April 1854: The Ganges Canal, stemming from the great...

National or international item

8 April 1854

The Ganges Canal, stemming from the great holy river in northern India, opened; it irrigated the country between the Ganges and the Jumna.
Keller, Helen, editor. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan, 1934, 2 vols.
822
Haydn, Joseph. Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information. Editor Vincent, Benjamin, 21st ed., Ward, Lock and Bowden, 1895.
453

Mary Russell Mitford: By 15 April 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Russell Mitford

By 15 April 1854

MRM finally published her novel Atherton, and Other Tales, for which she had signed a contract in 1836.
Mudge, Bradford Keyes, editor. Dictionary of Literary Biography 116. Gale Research, 1992.
116: 197

Clara Balfour: 22 April 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Clara Balfour

22 April 1854

Clara Balfour dated the preface to her Working Women of the Last Half Century: The Lesson of their Lives, sketches of notable women including a number of authors.
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1382 (1854): 491

Frances Isabella Duberly : 24 April 1854

Women writers item

24 April 1854

The month after Britain and France declared war on Russia (opening the first Crimean War) FID left London with her husband and his regiment (the Eighth Hussars ) heading for Plymouth and thence for Constantinople...

Christina Rossetti: 26 April 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Christina Rossetti

26 April 1854

CR 's father, Gabriele , died the month after the family were reunited in the house of his younger son, William Michael .
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Charlotte Brontë: 1 May 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Charlotte Brontë

1 May 1854

CB returned Gaskell 's visit with a four-day stay in Manchester.
Barker, Juliet. The Brontës. St Martin’s Press, 1994.
752

Hannah Cullwick: May 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Hannah Cullwick

May 1854

HC met in the street Arthur Munby , writer, poet, and collector of experiences and representations of working-class women.
Cullwick, Hannah. “Introduction and Notes”. The Diaries of Hannah Cullwick, Victorian Maidservant, edited by Liz Stanley, Rutgers University Press, 1984, pp. 1 - 28, passim.
2, 299

Caroline Norton: May 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Caroline Norton

May 1854

CN had her attack on English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century printed for private circulation; it continued in more formal style the arguments of her letters to the Times.
Chedzoy, Alan. A Scandalous Woman: The Story of Caroline Norton. Allison and Busby, 1995.
239

Summer 1854: The Round hat was introduced; this wide flat...

Building item

Summer 1854

The Round hat was introduced; this wide flat hat was the first non-bonnet headwear for women to be seen since the 1820s.
Adburgham, Alison. A Punch History of Manners and Modes 1841-1940. Hutchinson, 1961.
44

May 1854: The Religious Tract Society launched a weekly...

Writing climate item

May 1854

The Religious Tract Society launched a weekly family magazine for Sabbath reading entitled The Sunday at Home. It ran until October 1894, then continued as a monthly.
Solo: Search Oxford University Libraries Online. 18 July 2011, http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=OXVU1&fromLogin=true&reset_config=true.

Susanna Moodie: By 6 May 1854

Writing climate item
Author event in Susanna Moodie

By 6 May 1854

SM published Flora Lyndsay; or, Passages in an Eventful Life; this novel follows a young British couple as they emigrate to Canada.
Milner, Nina. “Susanna Moodie (1803-1885)”. Canadian Poetry Archive: National Library of Canada.
Gray, Charlotte. Sisters in the Wilderness: The Lives of Susanna Moodie and Catharine Parr Traill. Viking, 1999.
224
The Athenaeum Index of Reviews and Reviewers: 1830-1870. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070714065452/http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~asp/v2/home.html.
1384 (6 May 1854): 554

Elizabeth Siddal: 8 May 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Elizabeth Siddal

8 May 1854

While recovering from illness in HastingsES visited Barbara Leigh Smith and Anna Mary Howitt at Smith's nearby cottage, Scalands in Sussex.
Marsh, Jan, and Pamela Gerrish Nunn. Pre-Raphaelite Women Artists. Manchester City Art Galleries, 1997.
103

Barbarina Brand, Baroness Dacre: 17 May 1854

Women writers item

17 May 1854

BBBD died in Chesterfield Street, London, at the age of eighty-six.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.

Charlotte Barnard: 18 May 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Charlotte Barnard

18 May 1854

Charlotte Alington Pye married the ReverendCharles Cary Barnard at St George's, Hanover Square, London.
Gurnham, Richard. Henry Pye, ’Claribel’ and the Cedars. 2015, http://www.louthmuseum.co.uk/stories/henry_pye.html.
Smith, Phyllis. The Story of Claribel. J. W. Ruddock & Sons Ltd., Lincoln, 1965.
50
Ancestry.co.uk. http://www.ancestry.co.uk.

Mary Cowden Clarke: By 20 May 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Mary Cowden Clarke

By 20 May 1854

Mary Cowden Clarke published a two-volume novel entitled The Iron Cousin; or, Mutual Influence.
Athenæum. J. Lection.
1386 (1854): 612-13

Margaret Oliphant: 22 May 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Margaret Oliphant

22 May 1854

MO 's second daughter, Marjorie, was born; she proved short-lived.
Williams, Merryn. Margaret Oliphant: A Critical Biography. St Martin’s Press, 1986.
22
Jay, Elisabeth. Mrs Oliphant: "A Fiction to Herself": A Literary Life. Clarendon Press, 1995.
338

Mona Caird: 24 May 1854

Women writers item
Author event in Mona Caird

24 May 1854

Alice Mona Alison, who later wrote as MC , was born at 34 Pier Street in Ryde on the Isle of Wight. She remained an only child.
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.