Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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1845: It was discovered that women eject eggs for...

Building item

1845

It was discovered that women eject eggs for reproduction spontaneously.
Weeks, Jeffrey. Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800. Longman, 1981.
43

1845: The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,...

Writing climate item

1845

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was published; it went through nine British editions by 1847.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr, and Henry Louis, Jr Gates, editors. “Introduction”. The Classic Slave Narratives, Penguin, 1987, p. ix - xviii.
xi

1845: German pathologist Rudolph Carl Virchow described...

Building item

1845

German pathologist Rudolph Carl Virchow described leukemia.
Hellemans, Alexander, and Bryan Bunch. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. Simon and Shuster, 1988.
313
Shryock, Richard Harrison. The Development of Modern Medicine: An Interpretation of the Social and Scientific Factors Involved. University of Wisconsin Press, 1979.
203

1845-1872: The New Zealand Wars (also called the Maori...

National or international item

1845-1872

The New Zealand Wars (also called the Maori Wars) were fought sporadically over a nearly 30-year period between the Maori population (which numbered no more than 60,000 people of all ages) and British Imperial and...

1845: John Thurnam's Observations and Essays on...

Building item

1845

John Thurnam 's Observations and Essays on the Statistics of Lunacy estimated that male patients at the York Retreat Insane Asylum outnumbered female inmates by approximately 30%.
Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980. Pantheon Books, 1985.
52, 259

January 1845: Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine began...

Writing climate item

January 1845

Douglas Jerrold 's Shilling Magazine began publication at the Punch office; this short-lived radical journal addressed the masses of England.
Sutherland, John, b. 1938. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press, 1989.
195, 335
“Preface”. Douglas Jerrold’s Shilling Magazine, Vol.
1
, The Punch Office, 1845.
iii-iv
Cox, Michael, editor. The Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2 vols.
Cox, Michael, editor. The Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2 vols.

1845: The Hospital for the Diseases of Women became...

Building item

1845

The Hospital for the Diseases of Women became the Hospital for Women.
Moscucci, Ornella. The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-1929. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
86

1845: Nathaniel Ward and John Lindley successfully...

National or international item

1845

Nathaniel Ward and John Lindley successfully lobbied Parliament to repeal the tax on glass in order to lower the cost of home conservatories.
Brock, William H. Science for All: Studies in the History of Victorian Science and Education. Variorum, 1996.
VII: 28

1845: Robert William Thomson first invented the...

Building item

1845

Robert William Thomson first invented the pneumatic tire.
Hellemans, Alexander, and Bryan Bunch. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. Simon and Shuster, 1988.
313
Bruno, Leonard. On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation. Gale Research, 1993.
94

January 1845: J. B. Buckstone's The Green Bushes; or, A...

Writing climate item

January 1845

J. B. Buckstone 's The Green Bushes; or, A Hundred Years Ago opened at the Adelphi Theatre.
Moody, Jane. “Illusions of authorship”. Women and Playwriting in Nineteenth-Century Britain, edited by Tracy C. Davis and Ellen Donkin, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 99-124.
114, 116

1845: Elias Howe patented the first sewing machine...

Building item

1845

Elias Howe patented the first sewing machine invented in England (following inventions in France); some sources claim his wife Elizabeth was the inventor.
Adburgham, Alison. Shops and Shopping 1800-1914: Where, and in What Manner the Well-Dressed Englishwoman Bought Her Clothes. Allen and Unwin, 1964.
113
Vare, Ethlie Ann, and Greg Ptacek. Patently Female. John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
53

1845: The Chartist Co-operative Land Society was...

National or international item

1845

The Chartist Co-operative Land Society was founded.
Historian Jutta Schwarzkopf calls it the Chartist Land Co-operative Society.
Schwarzkopf, Jutta. Women in the Chartist Movement. St Martin’s Press, 1991.
187
Royle, Edward. Chartism. Longman, 1980.
39-41
Schwarzkopf, Jutta. Women in the Chartist Movement. St Martin’s Press, 1991.
187

1845: Solid rubber tyres first appeared on bicycles...

Building item

1845

Solid rubber tyres first appeared on bicycles in London.
Panati, Charles. Panati’s Browser’s Book of Beginnings. Houghton Mifflin, 1984.
350
The Victorian Encyclopedia has a good article on bicycles, women's dress and independence;see Richard Maxwell, p. 75. Elizabeth Hampsten talks about the laws against...

1845: The Christian Ladies' Pocket-Book Almanack...

Writing climate item

1845

The Christian Ladies' Pocket-Book Almanack ceased publication after only two years in circulation.
Palmegiano, Eugenia M. Women and British Periodicals, 1832-1867: A Bibliography. Garland, 1976.
23

1845: The Monthly Review finally ceased publishing...

Writing climate item

1845

The Monthly Review finally ceased publishing its latest new series.
British Library Catalogue. http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1489778087340&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&fromLo.

1845: American Charlotte Cushman made a sensation...

Building item

1845

American Charlotte Cushman made a sensation at her debut on the English stage as Bianca in Henry Hart Milman 's Fazio at the Princess's Theatre.
Markus, Julia. Across An Untried Sea: Discovering Lives Hidden in the Shadow of Convention and Time. Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.
13
Leach, Joseph. Bright Particular Star. Yale University Press, 1970.
188-9

1845: Quaker Joseph Sturge founded a school for...

Building item

1845

Quaker Joseph Sturge founded a school for adult education.
Roach, John. Social Reform in England 1780-1880. St Martin’s Press, 1978.
109-10

1845: The Bradford Long Pledge Association, a working-class...

Building item

1845

The Bradford Long Pledge Association , a working-class teetotal society, boasted 500 reformed drunks among its 2000 members.
Shiman, Lilian Lewis. Crusade against Drink in Victorian England. Macmillan, 1988.
23, 31

1845: Queen's College, Belfast, was founded in...

Building item

1845

Queen's College , Belfast, was founded in Northern Ireland.
Maxwell, Constantia. A History of Trinity College, Dublin, 1591-1892. University Press, Trinity College, 1946.
188-9
The World of Learning. 47th ed., Allen and Unwin, 1997.
1573

1845: During this year alone, one London advertising...

Building item

1845

During this year alone, one London advertising agency received over £9,655 in payments from British railway companies for services rendered.
Nevett, Terry R. Advertising in Britain: A History. Heinemann, 1982.
30

1845: Polkamania swept England and originated polka-dot...

Building item

1845

Polkamania swept England and originated polka-dot prints.
Adburgham, Alison. A Punch History of Manners and Modes 1841-1940. Hutchinson, 1961.
18

1845: The monthly British Mother's Magazine began...

Writing climate item

1845

The monthly British Mother's Magazine began publication in London, costing threepence an issue.
Beetham, Margaret. A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman’s Magazine, 1800-1914. Routledge, 1996.
217
Palmegiano, Eugenia M. Women and British Periodicals, 1832-1867: A Bibliography. Garland, 1976.
2

1845: The Alleged Lunatics' Friend Association...

Building item

1845

The Alleged Lunatics' Friend Association was founded.
Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980. Pantheon Books, 1985.
79
McCandless, Peter. “Liberty and Lunacy: The Victorians and Wrongful Confinement”. Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era, edited by Andrew Scull, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981, pp. 339-62.
342-3

1845: Victoria Park in East London was opened to...

Building item

1845

Victoria Park in East London was opened to the public as the first public park in Britain. (The more famous London parks belonged to the Crown.) Situated among the poor, working-class districts of the East...

1845: The Royal College of Chemistry was estab...

National or international item

1845

The Royal College of Chemistry was established.
Gascoigne, Robert Mortimer. A Chronology of the History of Science, 1450-1900. Garland, 1987.
392
Hellemans, Alexander, and Bryan Bunch. The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. Simon and Shuster, 1988.
312
Brock, William H. Science for All: Studies in the History of Victorian Science and Education. Variorum, 1996.
III: 604