Pius IX
left Rome for the Kingdom of Naples in late 1848 in the wake of political unrest. Left in power, radicals prepared for the election of a Constituent Assembly by universal
suffrage. Although less than half of the electors voted, the Constituent Assembly comprised a large number of radical members, who declared Pius IX deposed and proclaimed a Roman Republic.
Mazzini
went to Rome after this success, and became one third of a Triumvirate to preserve the Republic.
Garibaldi
, having returned to
Italy to fight in the Piedmontese army against Austria, was subsequently charged with the military defence of the Roman Republic.