King Charles Albert of Piedmont

King Charles Albert of Piedmont declared war on Austria; the outcome was his abdication.

Charles Albert of Piedmont defeated the Austrians at Goito.

Charles Albert of Piedmont negotiated a short-lived Italian union between the territories of Piedmont and Lombardy, Venice, Parma, Modena, and Lucca.

Having been defeated by the Austrians at Novara, Charles Albert abdicated the throne of Piedmont; he was succeeded by Victor Emmanuel II .