She drifted into several employments. She gave lessons to some young relations at West Coker, then became a governess in earnest, in a family she knew well in Yeovil, but left when her employer joined the children in taunting her about her Unitarian religion.
Ham, Elizabeth. Elizabeth Ham, by Herself, 1783-1820. Editor Gillett, Eric, Faber and Faber, 1945.
197, 200-2
This meant she had to go back to her brother's family and try to be useful there, while painfully conscious of being a financial burden.
Ham, Elizabeth. Elizabeth Ham, by Herself, 1783-1820. Editor Gillett, Eric, Faber and Faber, 1945.
202-3
She spent a year in Bath as a governess, trying at the same time to improve herself.
Ham, Elizabeth. Elizabeth Ham, by Herself, 1783-1820. Editor Gillett, Eric, Faber and Faber, 1945.
204
Here she felt the utter loneliness of the life of a Governess,
Ham, Elizabeth. Elizabeth Ham, by Herself, 1783-1820. Editor Gillett, Eric, Faber and Faber, 1945.
206
the pain of lacking a home of her own. But when they dismissed her at the end of the year she had to advertise, and go for interviews, and meet with rejection. This gave her still worse feelings: the heart-sickness of hope continually disappointed, and the despair I now began to feel of ever attaining anything like a means of self-support.
Ham, Elizabeth. Elizabeth Ham, by Herself, 1783-1820. Editor Gillett, Eric, Faber and Faber, 1945.
OS
went to be a governess at Barkly East, thirty miles north-east of Cradock; she was too upset by family disruptions to fulfil her duties, and left after several weeks.
First, Ruth, and Ann Scott. Olive Schreiner. André Deutsch, 1980.
At her father's death it became necessary for FAK
and her unmarried sisters to find work, and they all became governesses. Her first job was at Bradford in Yorkshire, in the family of an industrialist where she was not ultimately a success.
Kortright, Fanny Aikin. The Recollections of My Long Life. Printed for the author by Farmer and Sons, 1896.
FAK
not only modelled the governess-heroine of Anne Sherwood, 1857, on an idealised version of herself, but specifically says in that novel that she has experienced the privations typical of the governess's life.
Kortright, Fanny Aikin. Anne Sherwood. Richard Bentley, 1857, 3 vols.
1: 165
One family of children she looked after were grandchildren of the poet Shelley
by Harriet (the young wife who preceded Mary Godwin Shelley
, and later killed herself) but FAK
fell out with the mother of this family.
Kortright, Fanny Aikin. The Recollections of My Long Life. Printed for the author by Farmer and Sons, 1896.
Blain, Virginia et al., editors. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. Yale University Press; Batsford, 1990.
Sutherland, John, b. 1938. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford University Press, 1989.
Trollope, Anthony. The Letters of Anthony Trollope. Editors Hall, N. John and Nina Burgis, Stanford University Press, 1983, 2 vols.
When the Morning Chronicle announced on January 30 her appointment as a sub-governess, ECK
insisted on having the claim contradicted, as she was not a sub-governess but a lady companion to the Princess. This insistence on her status surfaced again in a letter written to the Prince Regent in April, in which she complained of her treatment since arriving at Windsor, specifically the Queen's reference to her as a sub-governess.
Knight, Ellis Cornelia. The Autobiography of Miss Knight. Editor Fulford, Roger, William Kimber & Co., 1960.
After two years in ManchesterML
took a job as a milliner with Briggs and Co.
at Newcastle in Staffordshire. She stayed there, living in lodgings, for three years, till she was twenty-three.
Quinlan, David, and Arthur Frederick Humble. Mary Linskill: The Whitby Novelist. Horne and Son, 1969.
9
Stamp, Cordelia. Mary Linskill. Caedmon of Whitby, 1980.
29-30
She then moved from Newcastle to Hawksworth in Nottinghamshire, where she worked as a schoolteacher at the National School run by the local clergyman, the Rev. William Walton Herringham
. The only other teacher covered French and music; Mary undertook everything else, and particularly enjoyed teaching drawing. She lost the job, however, when an epidemic of scarlet fever sent most of the boys home and Mr Herringham could no longer afford her wages. Her most recent biographer, Cordelia Stamp, does not support the story that she was a governess in the family of the Rev. Robert Miles
, rector of Bingham near Hawksworth, but mentions as her first governess job her post with another clergyman, named Hope, at Derby. Here ML
virtually filled the position of mother to six children whose actual mother was an invalid (or, according to Stamp, a hypochondriac). She stayed there till early 1869. This position gave her the opportunity of playing the organ at church on Sundays, and developing her aptitude for flower-painting, in both oil and watercolours. Cordelia Stamp reproduces an oil portrait by her.
Stamp, Cordelia. Mary Linskill. Caedmon of Whitby, 1980.
32, 35-7, 43, 45, opposite 82
Quinlan, David, and Arthur Frederick Humble. Mary Linskill: The Whitby Novelist. Horne and Son, 1969.
9-10
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray et al., editors. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. http://www.oxforddnb.com/.
After this school closed because of her ill health and her mother's opium problem, she worked for nearly thirty years more as schoolteacher and as governess.
HW
gives a hair-raising account of her first interview for a school-teaching job (which she turned down). At past thirty she started a school with her sister in London. By 1798 she had given it up and was seeking a job as a family governess. She was indignant that a governess should be expected to eat at the steward's table, and noted that a male tutor would be treated with more respect. A decade later she did some research in Yorkshire for a suitable building in which to start a Protestant nunnery.
Wells, Helena. Thoughts and Remarks, on Establishing an Institution for the Support and Education of Unportioned Respectable Females. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1809.
Facing poverty and wishing to improve her status, HS
began to write magazine stories.
Bratton, Jacqueline S. The Impact of Victorian Children’s Fiction. Croom Helm, 1981.
81
She and her sister Elizabeth
also qualified as a governesses. Though Hesba's teaching was limited to Sunday School, Elizabeth became by 1867 a well-paid governess with an annual wage of £70.
Cutt, Margaret Nancy. Ministering Angels: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Evangelical Writing for Children. Five Owls Press, 1979.
FH
, in Paris, was briefly engaged by Lady Mountcashel
as her daughters' governess, at a salary of sixty pounds a year. But she was dismissed within three weeks for reasons that remain disputable.
qtd. in
Ashfield, Andrew, editor. Romantic Women Poets. Manchester University Press, 1997–1998, 2 vols.
By mid-1734, EJ
, in debt because of her divorced husband
's failure to pay her maintenance, took a job as governess to the three daughters of Hill Evans
, a British merchant who lived and traded in St Petersburg. She negotiated her salary up from fourteen to twenty pounds a year,
O’Loughlin, Katrina. “’Having lived much in the world’: inhabitation, embodiment and English women travellers’ representations of Russia in the eighteenth century”. Women’s Writing, Vol.
8
, No. 3, 2001, pp. 419-39.
n17
and she represents herself as having been a great success as a governess. Among the texts she used with the children were hymns for morning and evening by Bishop Thomas Ken
.
Justice, Elizabeth. A Voyage to Russia. 2nd ed., G. Smith, 1746.
preface
Justice, Elizabeth. Amelia; or, The Distress’d Wife. 1751.
Winifred Nithsdale did, however, eventually follow in the footsteps of her mother in serving as a royal governess in the exiled Stuart family: in her case to Henry Benedict Stuart
(Charles Edward's younger brother, who became eventually a Roman Catholic cardinal). She filled this role in practice from the time when he was a baby, but it was not until 4 July 1727, when James III was planning to leave for Spain for a possible invasion of Britain after the death of George I, that a pompous document officially inaugurated Our Right Trusty and Right well beloved Winifred Countess of Nithsdale into the place and quality of governess to our dearly beloved son Henry Duke of York.
qtd. in
Maxwell Stuart, Flora. Lady Nithsdale and the Jacobites. Traquair House, 1995.
140, 143
The appointment lasted only until the little boy was four, when he was reckoned of an age to have male teachers. Winifred Nithsdale remained with Clementina Sobieska until the latter's early death in 1735.
Maxwell Stuart, Flora. Lady Nithsdale and the Jacobites. Traquair House, 1995.
LMA
began working at an early age to help support her family. She accepted whatever she could find and worked as a governess, editor, teacher, seamstress, paid companion, and domestic. It was her work as a writer, however, that finally led her family to financial security.
Alcott, Louisa May, and Madeleine B. Stern. The Journals of Louisa May Alcott. Editors Myerson, Joel and Daniel Shealy, Little, Brown, 1989.
xviii
“Dictionary of Literary Biography online”. Gale Databases: Literature Resource Center-LRC.