Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria

Emperor-King Ferdinand I of Austria abdicated in favour of his nephew Francis Joseph .

Hungary, under the revolutionary leadership of Louis Kossuth , became an autonomous reformed state, deposing the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph .

Emperor Francis Joseph revoked the constitution of the Austrian Empire, rendering his rule absolute.

Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria sent an ultimatum to Russia, demanding the evacuation of Russian troops from the Danubian Principalities.

Emperor Francis Joseph made a Concordat with the Papacy, thus gaining control of education and marriage regulation, and restoring ecclesiastical courts throughout the Austrian Empire.

Napoleon III of France and Francis Joseph of Austria signed the Treaty of Villafranca.